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Caccinia Savi Boraginaceae
See Genera Plantarum 128. 1789, Cose Botaniche 1, 7, pl. 1. 1832.
India.
(Used in Unani. Leaves diuretic, demulcent, antiinflammatory, for asthma, cough.)
in India: gaozabaan
Cadaba Forssk. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)
Namibia. Shrub, evergreen and leafless, spiky stems, tangled, dense, twigs spinescent, deep red to yellow glandular flowers, warty sticky fruits, small black seeds covered with a sticky bright orange pulp, only younger branches browsed by game and livestock, frost and drought resistant
See Gen. S. Afr. Pl. ed. 2, 13. 1868 and Flora Zambesiaca: Mozambique, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Bechuanaland Protectorate. Volume 1, part 1 / edited by A.W. Exell and Hiram Wild, on behalf of the editorial board. London, 1960
(Toxic to sheep. Roots potentially poisonous, roots strongly purgative, an overdose might be toxic. Moist powdered plant applied as a poultice to draw boils and abscesses.)
in English: black storm, desert broom, leafless wormbush
in South Africa: bloustam, bobbejaanarm, swartstorm
East and West Africa, Yemen. Slender shrub, weak, tangled, spreading, many-branched from the base, densely twigged, arching branches, yellow-green flowers, cylindrical pods, black seeds surrounded by orange aril, leaves and young twigs edible, pounded leaves cooked in couscous, bark eaten with cereals, edible fruit, plant browsed by all stock
(Leaves analgesic, antiviral, antirheumatic, antiphlogistic, antiscorbutic, tonic, stimulant, astringent, antihelmintic, purgative, antidote against food poisoning, emmenagogue; leaves decoction for gonorrhea; ground leaf powder for ulcers and skin complaints. Roots infusion used for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Plant ash rubbed for body pains. Magic, ritual, charm, superstition, good luck, marriage. Veterinary medicine, roots and leaves used to treat anthrax in cattle.)
in Arabic: asal, el bejad, korraeb, saerah, toraeb
in India: viluti
in Benin: kobokayé
in East Africa: kibalazi-mwitu, mvunja-vumo, ol-amalogi
in Guinea: berekunan, kesebere tamba niogu, quinquemini
in Kenya: arerenion, eren, ereng, kalkacha hare, larasoro, luharamira, mchachale, orosoro
in Mali: abago, azrom, balamji, hassu ueil, kwemkwemini, minzin, to-magny, uggar
in Mauritania: azrom, szrom, zerom, zrum
in Niger: abago, abogu, bagahy, bagaie, bagayi, bagey, balamji, gursimé, harikanelifi, harkanelifi, hassu ueil, marga, tchuma, ugar, uggar
in Nigeria: anza, bagaji, bagayi, balamji, baldamhi, beelidamhi, beldamhi, bultù, dangarafa, guno, hadza, handja, hanza, surreih
in Senegal: azrom, balamji, bere kuna, demadugu, gavargi, kesebere tamba, n-debarka, ndebaré, ndebarga, ndebargé, ndegareg, ndegarek, nogu, sinsin, sinsini, szrom, tensen, tomani, tsinsini, zerom, zrum
in Somalia: geed-maaluugeed
in Tanzania: endamologi, eren, ereng, kaningwa, larasoro, luharamira, mchachale, mpambue, ol ameloki, ol jani el sirgon, sangwa sangwa
Cadaba farinosa Forssk. subsp. adenotricha (Gilg & GilgBen.) R.A. Graham
Tanzania. Shrub, herb, succulent, stem cream, densecrowned, leaves glaucous, flower pale green yellowish, exocarp pale green, endocarp orange
(Roots poisonous.)
India. Shrub, flowers dirty white
(Used in Sidha. Leaves and roots antiphlogistic, purgative, anthelmintic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, analgesic, deobstruent, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, used to treat ulcer, syphilis, sores, vitiligo, worm infection; leaf juice to reduce swelling, in rheumatism; leaf juice boiled in castor oil applied for fracture and snakebite. Roots decoction in uterine obstructions. Veterinary medicine, leaves decoction given orally to cure tympany; leaf extract applied in boils, blisters, ulcers and wounds.)
in English: Indian cadaba
in India: aadamorinika, adamorinika, ayamiyamakki, ayattaiiyamakki, carapattiram, chaayagavache, chavukkuttiyanku, cheganike, chegaviche, chekonadi, chemudu, chikonadi, chikondi, chimurudu poola, ciramota, ciramotakacceti, ciramotakam, ciramotan, cirmotan, ciruviluticceti, cumirutam, curapicitti, dabi, habal, itankali, itankalimaram, kacitti, kadhab, kainaci, karppakalakkiruti, katagatti, kattakatti, keganike, kegnike, kodab, kodhab, konda mirapa, kunkilatikacceti, kunkilatikam, kutippanikam, mangare, maragacha, maragache, maragada, maragade, maragadegida, maravili, maravilicceti, margade, mattametikam, mattametikamaram, mirchikand, mota, motti, nacukatitam, narcitti, narivili, narivili, narivilicceti, palavili, palavilicceti, pattirakam, piluka, pittavaram, polumorinika, puttiracutanam, tarunikam, tarunikamaram, tatakam, tirucupattiram, uruvaracam, uruvaracamaram, uruvaraccammatti, uttarakarikai, vaelivee, vanamulam, veludhu, vilimmi, viliti, viluti, visanacini, vittuki, vittukicceti, vizhivi, vizhuthi, vizuthi, vutarasi chettu, vutharasi chettu, vutharasichettu
Cadaba glandulosa Forssk.
East and West Africa, Mali, Niger. Low shrub, erect, woody, leafy, viscid, many-branched, closely packed glandular-hispid round leaves, small inconspicuous yellow ligulate flowers, eaten by goats, sheep, camels, cattle and donkeys
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 68. 1775 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 35: 25-63. 1991
(Flavonol glycosides. Drink roots infusion for stomachache; stems and roots antiinflammatory; pounded leaves on wounds. Magic.)
in Arabic: taennaim
in Kenya: emakak
in Mali: hassu, tabeibaret, tahalist, tarbéret, téhanizt, teheist, teis, todi farssa, uadagoré
in Niger: doburu, taïs, teera
in Somalia: qalanqal
in Sudan: kurmut, sogheir
Cadaba indica Lam.
India.
See Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 67(5): 637- 638. 2005, Pharmacologyonline 3: 136-142. 2008
(Used in Sidha. Leaves antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal.)
in India: adamorinika, cavukuttiyanku, cegavice, cekodi, cekodisakada, chekodi, chekonisi, chemoorda, chikonadi, chimurudu, cimurudu, kattakatti, manatukkurntu, maragace, maragade, margadde, polumorinika, sagedapu, vilathi, vili, viluti, vishuthi, vizhudi
Cadaba natalensis Sond.
South Africa. Woody shrub, small scrambling tree, sepals mauve or purplish, pink nectary guide not clasping the androgynophore, long narrow cylindrical worm-like fruit, seeds embedded in a powdery reddish pulp
See Linnaea 23: 8. 1850
(Roots to induce vomiting, to treat chest pain. Magic, ritual.)
in English: green-leaved wormbush, Natal worm-bush
in South Africa: amaNgwe emnyama, amaNgwe-ezidlayo, groenblaarwurmbos, Natalwurmbos, umAnzimane, uNoqungwa, uPhaphane
Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk.
Arabia, Abyssinia.
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 68. 1775 and Veterinary and Human Toxicology 29(2): 133-137. 1987
(For bronchitis, inhalation from leaves, also juice from crushed leaves; chewed leaves on wounds. Plant poisoning, the clinical signs in goats fed with the plant were pronounced depression, diarrhea, frothing at the mouth, dyspnea, ataxia, loss of condition and recumbency. The lesions consisted of diffuse hemorrhage in the abomasum, heart and lungs, catarrhal enteritis, erosions on the intestinal mucous membrane, degeneration and/or necrosis of the cells of the renal tubules, and fatty change and necrosis in the liver. Veterinary medicine, leaves for diarrhea, dysentery.)
in Arabic: kadhab
in Ethiopia: adangali
in Kenya: epuu
Tropical Africa. Many-branched shrub, slender, straggling, scandent, flowers solitary or clustered, green sepals, red nectary guide clasping the androgynophore, long narrow cylindrical worm-like fruit, seeds embedded in a powdery reddish pulp
See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 26: t. 2527. 1897 and Z. Naturforsch. 57c, 216-220. 2002
(Caused death in murder trials.)
in English: grey-leaved wormbush, pink cadaba
in South Africa: vaalblaarwurmbos
Cadaba trifoliata Wight & Arn.
India.
See Cat. Ind. Pl. 7. 1833, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 24. 1834
(Used in Ayurveda. Boiled leaves vapors inhaled to relieve cough and cold.)
in India: balaya, chekonadi, chikondi, kodikaalu, kodikallu, kodikalu, mallaguru, manudukkurundu, nallagaara, nallagara, peddachikonadi, peddacikonadi, peddasivakonita, purana, purna, viluti
Caesulia Roxb. Asteraceae
Caesulia axillaris Roxb.
India. Ascending to prostrate herb with narrowly lanceolate leaves tapering at both the ends
(Plant poisonous for sheep. Whole plant juice given to cure amebic dysentery, indigestion and loss of appetite. Leaves kept in pulses as insecticide; leaf extract sprayed as pesticide. Oil from the seeds applied in rheumatic pains.)
in India: akshaphula, borasda, nichini
Caladium Vent. Araceae
Nicaragua to Argentina. Glabrous herb, underground stem, thin almost trasparent leaves, glabrous greenish-white spathe
(Acrid and caustic sap. Rootstalk emetic, emmenagogue and purgative; fresh plant cathartic and anthelmintic; dried pulverized leaves as a dusting powder for unclean wounds, for ulcers. Corms used for paralysis. Powdered rhizome used to relieve bodyache. Veterinary medicine, leaves in the nostrils of dogs to make them better hunters.)
in English: angel wing, caladium, elephant ear, elephant’s ear, fancy-leaved caladium, heart of Jesus, mother-in-law plant
in Peru: oreja de perro, sachapaico, tasha, ushu
in India: sam taupi
in Japan: karajiumu
in Philippines: corazon de Maria, corazon de Santa Maria, linsang pula
in Congo: eyeka la ngeie
in Yoruba: kooko obalufon, kooko oodua, kooko soponna
Venezuela, Brazil. Variable leaves
in English: fancy-leaved caladium
Calanthe R. Br. Orchidaceae
Calanthe monophylla Ridl.
Malaysia. Orchid
See J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4: 70. 1909
(Magic, the smell from the burning leaves to scare away ghosts.)
India, Himalaya, China. Small erect terrestrial herb, white or pale lilac flowers, oblong capsule
(Root made into a paste and applied on wounds and cuts.)
in China: che qian xia ji lan
India.
(Root extract for typhoid and jaundice.)
in China: san leng xia ji lan
in India: garur panja
Japan, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, India. Terrestrial, pale lilac flowers
(Plant juice relieves gastro-intestinal problems. Roots poultice to cure swollen hands; roots chewed to cure diarrhea. Flower extract taken as a pain killer.)
in English: scrub lily
in Japan: tsuru-ran
in Thailand: ueang kao tog
in Vanuatu: natapak
Calathea G. Meyer Marantaceae
Trop. America. Caulescent, shrub, in dense clumps, edible tuber-like storage organs, pseudostems with elongated leaves, simple leaf blades, long grooved petioles, well-developed ligule, irregular flowers yellowish green or white
(A tincture of the leaf used for cystitis; leaves diuretic.)
in English: Guinea arrowroot, sweet corn root, sweet corn tuber
in Caribbean: faldita morada, leren
Calceolaria L. Scrophulariaceae
Latin calceolus ‘a slipper’, referring to the flowers, slipper flowers; see C. Linnaeus, in Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar. 31: 286, t. VIII. Stockholm 1770.
Calceolaria stellariifolia Phil.
Chile.
See Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile. Primera Sección – Zoolojía 71. 1891
(Leaves infusion to warm the body.)
in Chile: zapatilla
Callianthemum C.A. Meyer Ranunculaceae
Callianthemum taipaicum W.T. Wang
China. Perennial herbs, rhizomatous, flowers bisexual, petals basally brown, sepals bluish purple
See Flora Tsinlingensis 1(2): 274, 604, f. 235. 1974
(Chinese herbal medicine.)
in China: tai bai mei hua cao
Callicarpa L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)
Mexico, Guatemala to Colombia. Shrub or small tree, corolla white, fragrant flowers in small branched axillary clusters, dark purple to black fruit
(Cold-water infusion of the crushed leaves for diarrhea, dysentery.)
North America, Cuba. Shrub, slender, small bluish lavender flowers in axillary clusters, purple violet fruits, fruit edible raw but insipid
(Root to treat skin cancer, essential oils antialgal and phytotoxic. Fruit astringent, causes puckering of the mouth a few minutes after eating a little.)
in English: American beauty-berry, beauty-berry, French mulberry
Himalaya, China, Bhutan, Cambodia, India. Tree, fast growing, densely tomentose, corky rough bark, twig broad and flat at the nodes, coriaceous leaves stellate-tomentose beneath, truncate calyx cup-shaped, pink purple corolla, stamens much longer than corolla, fruit purple-brown
10: 110. 1920, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 22. 1921, Pharmacologyonline 1: 1095-1103. 2009
in English: beauty berry
in China: mu zi zhu
in India: ab bhantal buti, arhi, arhi-araung, arni, balmal, bhantal buti sabz, bonmola, bormala, dieng lakhiot, ghiwala, gising, gunmola, hnahkiah, kachetong, kachettong, khet, khimbar, khoja, kojo, kumhar, mach kotta, mach peluka, maksi, mondol, moskhanchi, mukhuang, nkoang, subornni, yalu
Malayan names: ambong-ambong bukit, ambong puteh, kata kera, kata keran
in Nepal: bori, guren, maiphi, maaraa
China, Vietnam. Shrub, lilac flowers, violet fruits, often confused with Callicarpa giraldii
(Astringent.)
in English: Bodinier beauty berry
in China: zhen zhu feng, zi zhu
Southern China, SE Asia. An evergreen shrub or small tree, tomentose, glandular leaves very variable, calyx minutely 4-toothed glandular, corolla mauve or violet, stamens exserted, globose ovary glabrous glandular all over, drupe depressed globular almost succulent, fruits sometimes eaten raw
(Young leaves decoction drunk for abdominal troubles and amenorrhea. Leaves smoked to relieve asthma; used for poulticing wounds, applied as a plaster for gastralgia; leaves infusion emmenagogue. Leaves pounded and used as a fish poison. Shoots used in arrow poisons.)
in Cambodia: sroul kraham
in China: bai mao zi zhu
in India: verrilai-p-pattai
in Indonesia: apu-apu, meniran besar, meniran kebo, sesepo
in Japan: kuroshikibu
in Laos: dok pha nok
in Malaysia: tampang besi, tampang besi merah
in Philippines: anuyup, palis, tigau
in Vietnam: n[af]ng n[af]ng, pha t[oos]p, tr[uws]ng [ees]ch
Callicarpa caudata Maxim.
Philippines, Pacific. Evergreen shrub, stem and branches glandular, reddish-yellow glands, calyx glandular, corolla mauve, ovary glandular, glandular pink fruits, closely related to Callicarpa pilosissima Maxim.
See Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 31: 76. 1887
(Stem scraped and mixed with the rhizome of ginger and applied to large wounds. A decoction of fresh or dried leaves used as a cure for stomach troubles. Leaves applied to relieve earache.)
in Papua New Guinea: mamen
in Philippines: amgup, anayop, anayup, haraihai, haray-hai, kabatit
Japan, Vietnam. Perennial shrub, deciduous, many-branched, long slender arching branches, pinkish lavender berries
(Anti-amnesic and neuroprotective activities, remarkable cognitive-enhancing activity, alleviating certain memory impairment observed in Alzheimer’s disease.)
in English: Chinese beauty-berry, Japanese beautyberry, purple beauty berry
in China: bai tang zi zhu
in Japan: ko-murasaki
Vietnam. Edible berries
(Antimicrobial. Leaves mixed with coconut oil, applied to wounds, itches. Leaves as a fish poison.)
in Philippines: alinau, malasambong, palis, sulingasau, tambalabasi, tigau
China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines. Shrub, stem and branches densely stellate and dendritic hairy, chartaceous leaves variable, flowers bisexual in axillary cymes, calyx 4-toothed glandular, corolla purplish pink outside and white to pinkish inside, ovary globose glandular, globose purple drupes
(Leaves smoked for lung troubles, dyspnea. Crushed flower and leaf buds applied as a styptic to wounds. Root used as remedy for gonorrhea and as an emmenagogue, the whole plant to treat hepatitis. Fresh and crushed leaves used to stupefy fish, shrimp and eels. Insecticide.)
in English: Taiwan beauty berry
in China: du huong hua
in Philippines: anandhin, annoyop, anuyup, palis, talambasi, tigau, timbabasi, tuba, tubai-basi, tubang-dalag
in Vietnam: n[af]ng n[af]ng d[af]i loan
China. Shrub, yellow glands
(Pain-relieving, to treat rheumatic muscles and bones pains, traumatic injury, soft tissue injury, arthritis.)
in English: Girald beauty berry
in China: lao ya hu
China, Japan. Shrub, deciduous, branchlets and peduncles with extremely dense long branched hairs, opposite leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, small bisexual flowers in axillary cymes, corolla purple outside and white inside, white globose drupes, ripe fruit eaten
(Antioxidant.)
in English: white wild pear
in China: bai tang zi shu, pai t’ang tzu shu, pi pa ye zi zhu
India, SE Asia, Australia. An evergreen shrub or small tree, stem and branches densely stellate hairy, glandular leaves, calyx densely glandular, corolla rose white to purple, white or dark pink glandular fruit almost succulent, an extremely variable and polymorphic species
(Plant decoction as a postpartum remedy; young twigs decoction drunk for stomachache and diarrhea. Leaves decoction drunk in colic, diarrhea, after parturition and for fever; decoction gargled to treat toothache; leaves infusion drunk as a depurative after parturition. Leaves externally applied on wounds to an ulcerated mouth and to reduce fever, swellings and bruises; leaves juice for mouth infection in babies; leaf paste in coconut oil used locally for cuts, wounds and ulcers; leaves used for poulticing and for rubbing over the body in fever, and also applied to swellings; leaf paste of Callicarpa longifolia and Leea indica boiled in coconut oil and applied on severe cuts and wounds; pounded leaves an ingredient for a poultice to mature boils and ulcers. Roots infusion a remedy for syphilis and diarrhea; roots decoction drunk as a cure for fever, pneumonia, diarrhea and colic. Pounded leaves used to stupefy fish. Veterinary medicine, paste of stem bark applied on lesions of foot and mouth disease of cattle; leaf decoction given to pigs as antiemetic.)
in English: husked rice, long-leaf beauty berry, long-leaved callicarpa, white-berried Malayan lilac
in Borneo: sabar besi
in China: chang ye zi zhu, jian wei feng
in India: dhusre, dieng sohkailang, kin-vi-taong, kin-vi-ti, kin vitai, kinvitaong, rai
in Indonesia: dama besoi, katumpang, meniran sapi, meniran utan
in Malaysia: beti-beti, bute baa, karat besi, kuping besi, nasinasi, tampang besi, tampang besi puteh, tampoe besike, tampong besi, tulang besi
in Papua New Guinea: topapimanua, vuti mata
in Vietnam: t[uwr] ch[aa]u tr[aws]ng, t[uwr] ch[aa]u l[as] d[af]i
Thailand, China.
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Inner bark ground into a paste and applied on cuts and wounds as a hemostatic. Leaves antirheumatic, stomachic, warmed and applied. Fruit paste, or wood paste, used in the treatment of boils and blisters on the tongue. Fruits chewed to treat sores of the tongue and mouth. Seeds and roots stomachic; roots antirheumatic, stomachic.)
in English: big-leaf beauty berry
in China: da ye zi zhu
in India: anganaapriya, anganapriya, bhirmoli, bonmala, chimpompil, chinpompil, chokkala, cimpompil, dahiya, daia, daiya, daya, dayya, gandhaphali, gandhphali, gandhpriyangu, ghiwala, gnazhal, habb-ul-mihlb, huahkhar, kaantaa, kaantaahvaa, kanta, khap, mathara, mondol-panamana, nalal, nalalu, njaazhalpoovu, phalin, phalini, phool pirangu, priyaka, priyamgu, priyangu, priyangu beej, priyangu phool, priyangu puspha, priyanguka, priyangukaa, shyamaa, socu, syama, tong loti, vanita, vanitaa
in Nepal: dahigun, mala buru, tichangsa
in Tibet: ga ndha pri yam ku, gandha pri ya nku, gandha priya nku, pri-yam-ku, pri yan, pri-yan-ku
Callicarpa maingayi King & Gamble
Thailand. Tree, small trees, angled hairy twigs, leaves pale silvery hairy below, regular pale lilac flowers in cymes, red drupes
See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1908: 106. 1908
(Bark used as a substitute for betel.)
in Malaysia: tampang besi
India, China, Pen. Malaysia. Shrubs or small trees
(Disinfectant, antiseptic, dried leaves to treat suppurative skin infections and burns. Cytotoxic, antiviral activities against respiratory syncytial virus, RSV.)
in English: naked-flower beauty berry
in China: luo hua zi zhu
Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea. An evergreen shrub or small tree, stem and branches densely tomentose, leaves glandular, densely glandular calyx minutely 4-toothed, corolla purple or mauve, stamens exserted, pale mauve or violet-purple glandular fruits
in Indonesia: memeniran, meniran, ringan-ringan
Thailand, Malesia. Small tree
(Used for vertigo; ground bark used for swellings.)
Malay name: membatu puteh
Callicarpa rubella Lindl.
Himalaya. Shrub, erect, inflorescence axillary, flowers pink, fruits purple-violet, tender shoots cooked as vegetable
See Bot. Reg. 11: t. 883. 1825
(Bark to treat tumors of the large intestine. Leaf extract applied on injuries to stop bleeding.)
in China: hong zi zhu
in India: dieng lakhangwet, dieng lakso miaw, jalang kwai, mondol, nin rasu, soh eitksar, wazanu jaba
SE Asia, India. Small tree, fruits eaten raw
in English: great woolly Malayan lilac
in Bangladesh: taramah
in India: aarathi soppu, aardir, aardri, ardri, arthigidu, arti, ayamsar, bastra, bodiga chettu, cheruthekku, dodda naathada gida, doddanaathada gida, ibanne, ibbani, ibbanne, insara, isvar, kaarivaati, karavati, katkomal, kattukkumil, mashandari, naikumbil, nallapompil, nallarappalu, picenkala, pichenkala, pichenkale, pondee, pondi, puru, rishipathri, ruchi katthi, ruchipatri, rucipatri, seembakkulthu, temperuvallam, teregam, thinperivelum, timperuvellam, tomdikharvamti, tondatti, tondi, tondi-teregam, tonditeragam, tonditterakam, tonti, tontitterakam, uennattekka, umathekka, umathekku, urnnatekka, vettilai-pattai, vettilaipattai, vettilaippattai, yarphu-changne, yibbani
in Malaya: derdap dapur, tumah dapur
Calligonum L. Polygonaceae
Calligonum azel Maire
Sahara, Tunisia. Shrub, many-branched, small white flowers
See Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 1932, xxiii. 211. 1932, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 97. 1974
(Antifungal, for eczema, itch.)
in Sahara: annag
Egypt, North Africa. Tall woody shrub, perennial, psammophil, many-branched from the base, stiff branches, small tepals, conspicuous red anthers, fruit a single circular hairy carpel, fresh flowers eaten, camels eat the filaments and the roots
(Antifungal, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, cytotoxic and antioxidant, for stomach ailments; roots decoction for gum sores; for eczema, itch, young shoots and leaves powdered used externally as an ointment; stems and leaves chewed for curing toothache. Veterinary medicine, to treat scabies in dromedaries.)
in English: orta tree
in Arabic: abal, arach, aresu, âresû, arta, ârta, arta’a, awarach, âwarâs, larta, orta, orti, ouarach
in Sahara: warash
China, Turkestan.
(Antioxidant, from the dried aerial parts. Plant poultice an antidote against poisonous harmful plants and heavy doses of opium.)
in China: dan zhi sha guai zao
Calligonum polygonoides L.
India. Evergreen xerophytic shrub, red roots, small succulent fruits, tender green phyllodes fodder for camels
(Used in Ayurveda. Plant decoction antifungal, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, a gargle for sore gums. Flower buds effective in treating sun stroke.)
in English: desert locust, orta tree
in India: phog, phoga, phogaro, phoglo, phogro, sphurjaka
Callilepis DC. Asteraceae
South Africa. Perennial herb, tufted, large woody tuberous rootstock, simple or branched from the base, ray florets pure white, dark purple disc-florets tubular
in English: ox-eye daisy, pine thistle
in Southern Africa: amafuthomhlaba, ihlamvu, impila, imPila, mila, wildemargriet
Callilepis leptophylla Harv.
South Africa. Erect, slender herb, terminal flower-head usually solitary
See Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 22(6): 641-649. 2000
(Veterinary medicine, roots ground to a paste for killing maggots in cattle.)
in English: velvet sweetberry
in South Africa: bergbitterbossie, imphila, imphilane, impila
Callirhoe Nutt. Malvaceae
After Kallirhoe or Callirrhoe ‘fair flow, beautiful flowing’, one of the Oceanids, in the Greek mythology the daughter of the river god Achelous and wife of Alcmaeon, see Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2(1): 181-182. 1822.
North America. Perennial herb
See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 226. 1838, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 16, adnot. 1849
(Root decoction taken for colic, abdominal pain.)
in English: purple poppy mallow
Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. involucrata ( Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray f. novomexicana (Baker f.) Waterf.; Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. novomexicana Baker f.)
North America. Perennial herb
(Analgesic root decoction taken for colic, abdominal pain.)
in English: purple poppy mallow, purple poppymallow
Callitropsis Oerst. Cupressaceae
Mexico, Guatemala. Evergreen, fast-growing, straight trunk, bark red-brown
(Diuretic.)
in English: Mexican cypress, Portuguese cypress
in East Africa: mtarakwa (Chagga), muturakawa (Kikuyu), omobakora (Kisii)
North America.
(Analgesic, for cold, cough.)
Calluna Salib. Ericaceae
Greek kallunein, kallyno ‘to sweep, adorn, cleanse’, the branches are used as brooms; see R.A. Salisbury, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 6: 317, in obs. 1802.
Europe.
(Antioxidant.)
in English: common heather, heather, Scotch heather, Scottish heather, white heather
Caloncoba Gilg Flacourtiaceae
West Tropical Africa. Tree, seeds eaten
(Bark pain-killer, inner bark and leaves for headache. Seed oil for subcutaneous parasitic infection, skin diseases, crawcraw and scrofula.)
in Ivory Coast: butue, dolié, dule
in Liberia: kene kene, kênê kênê, klehn
in Sierra Leone: gene, kene, kenne, kenye
Tropical Africa. Shrub or small tree, perennial, erect, wood very hard, stiff wavy leaves, small white flowers with yellow center, yellow spiny ripe fruits, fruit pulp edible, seeds sweet and oily
(Fruits and leaves for sores, skin eruptions and inflammation. Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, pustular eruptions, malaria and skin infections, toothache. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles. Seeds insecticide, arachnicide, pounded seeds against lice and mange.)
in English: elephant’s comb
in Cameroon: gorli
in Ghana: esono ankyi, gbogble, marhebomuane, obafufu, okyere, orbafufu, wanka
in Guinea: kuêuéui
in Ivory Coast: gbétélibé, katupo
in Liberia: dooh, flanchu
in Nigeria: gorli, kakandika, otiemme, udara-nwewe
in Sierra Leone: fen-kone, goli, gorli, kẻ-nanafira, komehumda, kulukenyo, kumin-kanya, kumin-kone, nikawumbi, nyanyando
in Paraguay: chamulgra
Sierra Leone. Shrub or small tree, straggling, thorny, arching branches, fragrant white flowers
See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 5(12): 1164-1166. 1905, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40(3): 460-461. 1908
(Antidote to poison, purgative.)
in Ghana: asratoa, aweawu, efiohle, gbogble, kotowiri, nwoantia, okyere, sissiru
in Ivory Coast: kauanunguessé
in Nigeria: iroko-ojo
in Sierra Leone: gene, kenye, kokwi, singo
in Togo: efiohle
Nigeria. Small tree, edible orange-yellow spiny fruits, shining black seeds with a red aril
(Hydrocyanic acid in the leaves, bark and roots. Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, yaws, pustular eruptions, venereal diseases, malaria and skin infections, toothache. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles; leaf sap pain killer. Seeds insecticide, rodenticide, arachnicide; leaf decoction to kill fleas. Bark root astringent; root decoction drunk and root ash rubbed on areas of edema. Magic, ritual, leaf sap to keep the spirits of the dead away.)
in Ghana: asratoa
in Ivory Coast: boua, dédébroguissé
in Nigeria: gorli, kakandika, kankan dika, kánkán dìká, ntuebi, oru kpakokwa, otiemme, otienme, otiosa, pomuseghe, udalā ènwè, udallaenwe, udara-nwewe
in Sierra Leone: bewo, boku, fulo, fulo-kpokpo, hengwa, maiyungbe, ngaingainge, sime, toya-hina, xaienyi
Tropical Africa. Tree, white flowers, fruit eaten by monkeys
(Bark decoction febrifuge, to dress sores. Powdered root sedative, astringent, made into snuff for head colds, nasopharyngeal affections and headache.)
in Central African Republic: mwangalé, mwangali
Tropical Africa. Small tree or shrub, white flowers
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 463. 1908, Adansonia sér. 3, 19: 260. 1997
(Bark vermifuge.)
in Congo: n’sendesende, osendesende
Tropical Africa. Small tree, scented white flowers, prickly fruits, elephants eat leaves, monkeys and elephants eat fruit
See Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 117. 1868 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 462. 1908
(Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, skin infections. Leaves for dropsy, edema, swellings, gout; leaf sap pain killer. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles. Seeds insecticide, repellent, arachnicide. Hydrocyanic acid the in leaves, bark and roots. Dried powdered seeds poisonous.)
in Central African Republic: esoko, gbegolo, isoko
in Congo: nteela
in Gabon: ditouk di kari, niam ‘n ‘gom
in Tanzania: muwabo
Calotropis R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)
Nepal, India and Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Tanzania, Kenya. Tall shrub or small tree, stout, erect, suffrutescent, succulent, woody stem, milky sap, blue-gray purple or red-flowered, corona with 5 narrow fleshy scales, ovoid boat-shaped inflated recurved turgid follicles mostly in pairs, silky hairy seeds
in English: asclepiad tree, bowstring-hemp, crown flower, crown plant, giant Indian milkweed, giant milkweed, giant milky weed, gigantic swallow wort, madar, madar flower, milkweed, mudar
in East Africa: mpumbula
in China: niu jiao gua
in India: aak, aakdo, aank, aarka, ab shir madar, aditya, aekka, aekka maale, aekki gida, ag, aharbandhava, aharmani, aharpati, ahauna, ahgaram, ak, aka, akado, akan, akanak, akanda, akaona, akarai, akari, akahua, akda, akda cha jhada, akda nu jhada, akdachajhada, akdamu-jhada, akdo, ake, akh, akh ke phool, akom, akom aring, akon, akona, akond, akond mul, akondo, akra, akro, akuan, alacikacceti, alacikam, alagar, alakam, alal, alark, alarka, alarkah, alarpal, amarkkam, ancolam, angkot, ank, arak arak mara, arakh, arakha, arakho gatch, arakkam, arakkanceti, arakkaparani, ariccunam, ark, arka, arka-gida, arka vrikshaha, arkagatch, arkah (= sun), arkamu, arkavrikshaha, arkkam, arkku, arkopathra, aruccanam, aruccunam, aruccunanceti, aruchunam, arukkam, arukkan, arukku, arulagam, arulakam, aryama, ashur, asphotaka, atittiyam, attaticai, attaticam, attiaticaicceti, aush shar, aushar, badabadam, belerica, belericu, bhanu, bhaskara, bij-elosha, bikkortono, bili ekkada gida, buggejilor, buka, bukam, burg akh taza, byclospa, caikattilam, calaippota, campalam, cantamani, cantamanicceti, cantamappam, cantamayam, catakacuriyan, catakam, catalacceti, catalam, catam, catanapam, cataparikacceti, cataparikam, catapatalam, catapatam, catappan, cataputacceti, cataputam, cataputpam, cataputpi, cayitakam, ciraccatam, cirapiraneci, citaputpakam, civavallapam, cukalavi, cukapala, cukapalai, cukapalam, curam, curi, curiyanam, curiyanvintu, curiyapputu, cuvetakucumam, cuvetakucumoppi, dhavi rui, dholaakdo, diensam, dinesam, divakar, ekayitcakam, ekka, ekkai, ekkamale, ekke, ekkemale, ela wara, eri, ericu, erikalan, erikka, erikku, erukka, erukkalai, erukkam, erukkam ver, erukkampal, erukkan, erukkanceti, erukkila pacha, erukkin veru, erukku, eruku, ganarupa, gul madar, gule akh taza, gurt-akand, haridashva, hela wara, himarati, irumpunirricceti, irupunirri, itcika, jambhala, jilledu, jilledu-chettu, jilleru, jillidi, kadrati, kanaripam, kanatipam, kantali, karagh, karak, karccakkinam, kari aekkada gida, karnam, katiccavaytutaiccan, katiravan, katterumai, katterumaikkalli, kattila, kharak, kharjjughna, khark, khok, kirtanuphala, kokarunai, kokaruni, kotuki, kshiradala, kshirakandaka, kshiranga, kshiraparni, kutiketan, lal-akara, lal madar, lal-rui, lalak, lalakava, lalmadar, lalrui, lippacitacceti, lippacitam, madar, madar aak, makam, makkam, makkika, makkikacceti, malaipparutimaram, manakkovi, mandaara, mandaaramu, mandara, mandaramu, mandarasu, manotayam, mantaracu, mantaracucceti, mantaram, marttantacceti, marttantam, marttantan, marufu, mayo bin, mhatari, mir-dukathe, mirugusayi-dagam, mirugusayidagam, mirukacayitakam, mirukucayittakam, moto aak, moto akdo, muda, mudar, mudhar, mutitamaram, naccilaikkurikacceti, nalla jelledu, nallajilledu, natakinkanam, nattam, nattappalai, nattappila, nattappiraki, nattappirakicceti, nella-jilledu, nellajeleroo, nellajilledo, nilavukay, nilavukaycceti, nilledu, nohanoakdo, nubam, numsubamoli, numsubatong, numsungbatong, nupakacceti, nupakam, nupam, nuttam, orko, oschor, oshmor, oshor, pachajilledu, pacupataki, pacupatakicceti, pacupatasai, pacupatatai, pakavanati, palaikkaraviki, palati, palti, pamotayam, patladudha, phunder, pogojirol, prabhakara, pratapa, pratapasa, puchhi, pumikuruvakam, putanivaranicceti, raachajilledu, racajilledu, racha-jilledu, rachajilledu, rato-akdo, ratsajilledu, ravi, rhui, roghan gul akh, rui, rupika, ruvi, sadabadam, sadabudam, sadapushpa, sadapuspi, sadapyshpa, sadasuma, safed aak, safed aakdo, safed-ak, safedakra, safed akvan, safed datura, safed ok, safedak, saptashva, savita, sevverukku, shir madar, shitapushpaka, shiy-aak, shri madar, shukaphala, shweta arka, siyam, spalmai, sukaphala, sunu, suriyam, surya pattra, suryapattra, suryavgha, suvedagusuman, svaytaurkum, swet-akonda, swet-aurkum, tanalam, tanali, tanalicceti, tapana, tarani, tella-jilledu, tella jilledu, tellajilledoo, tellajilledu, tevanati, thellajilledu, tirkkaputpam, tirkkaputpi, titamai, tittai, tulapalam, tulaphala, tuntakkini, tutaiccavam, tutaiccavay, tutaiccuvacceti, udumbaram, ulurka, urkkovi, uruk, urukku, ushar, ushnarashmi, uste, utumparakacceti, utumparakam, utumparam, vacciram, vacciramuli, vantumuli, vara, vara gaha, varkkam, vasuka, vellaarike, vellaiyerukku, vellerikku, vellerukkam poo, vellerukku, vetanatam, vibhakara, vibhavasu, vicaram, viccai, viccananta, viccanta, viccaranti, viccaranticceti, vicittirakam, vikiram, vikorana, vikshira, vikuri, vikuricceti, viruntam, virutam, vittirakam, vivasvana, vivaswana, vungdamdawi, wara, yakkeda gida, yekka, yekkada, yekkadagida, yekkadagida, yekkadaguda, yekkamali, yekkamalle, yekke, yekkemale, yercum, yerica, yerika, yerikan, yerikkan, yerkum, yerrikku, yerriku, yerukku, yokada
in Indonesia: bidhuri, rubik, sidaguri
in Laos: dok hak, dok kap, kok may
Malayan names: berduri, kemengu, lembegah, merigu, rembega, remiga, remigu
in Myanmar: maioh, mayo, mayo-beng, mayo-bin, mayo-mayo-pin, mayo-pin, mayoe-gyi
in Nepal: aank, akanda, auk, madar, yak
in the Philippines: kapal-kapal, mudar
in Thailand: po thuean, paan thuean, rak
in Tibetan: a rga, a-rka, shri-khanda
in Vietnam: bong bong, b[oof]ng b[oof]ng, coc may, la hen, l[as] hen, nam ti ba, nam t[if] b[af]
India, Sudan, Egypt, Madagascar East Africa. Shrub or small tree, erect, compact, glaucous, soft woody stems many-branched at the base, covered with cottony tomentum, milky white sap, smooth coriaceous roundish leaves, white-flowered, corolla greenish-white outside, petals maroon-violet tipped inside, smooth turgid green recurved kidney-shaped follicles often in pairs, tufted seeds airborne, scented
in English: apple of Sodom, cotton leaf, Dead Sea apple, Dead Sea fruit, English cotton, French cotton, giant milk-weed, milkweed, mudar plant, Sodom apple, swallow wort
in Arabic: achur, ashkar, baranbakh, eshar, esshero, kerenka, koruga, korunka, krenka, ngeyi, ochar, ‘oshar, oshar, oshur, rhalga, torcha, tourza, turdja, turja, turjé, ushar
in China: bai hua niu jiao gua
in India: aak, aakdo, aakra, aakro, adityapushpika, ag, ak, akada phool, akado, akan, akand, akanda, akaro, akaua, akauvya, akda cha jhada, akda nu jhada, akdo, akh, akha, akhra, akond, akondo, akra, alarka, alarkah, angot, ankado, ankda, ankota, arakh, arakha, arka, arka vrikshaha, arkah, arkaparna, arkavrikshaha, asphota, aush shar, aushar, bhanu, bili aekka, bili aekkada gida, bili yekkada gida, bimbora, dirghpushpa, dudla, erikku, erra jilledu, erukka, erukkam, erukku, ganarupaka, jilledu, jilledu-chettu, kashthila, kempu akkadagida, kempu ekka, kharak, khark, kkarak, ksiraparna, madar, manar, mandaaramu, mandara, mandaramu, mayo bin, mhatari, mir-hu-chau, mudar, nallajilledu, nano akdo, palati akwan, pashkand, path akhwan, pratapa, rajarka, rakta arka, raktarka, ravi, rui, rupika, sadapushpa, sadapushpi, safed ak, safedak, shakar al lighal, shambhu, sharkarapushpa, shitakarka, shuklaphala, shveta, shvetarka, sishakanda, spalmak, spalwakka, spulmei, tapana, tulaphala, uruko, ushar, vara, vara gaha, vasuka, vedha, vellai erukkan, vellai erukku, vellerku, vellerukku, vikirana, vrittamallika, yakkeda gida, yerra jilledu
in Laos: dok hak, dok kap, kok may
Malayan names: lembega, rembega
in Nepal: aank
in Pakistan: ak, arrigh, karak, kark
in Tibet: a rga i rtsa ba, a rgai rtsa ba
in Vietnam: bong-bong, b[oof]ng b[oof]ng, bong qui, l[as] nh[or]
in East Africa: ararat, bohr, etethero, kihuta, mpamba mwitu, mpumbula, mufuthu, okwotpu; etetheru (Turkana), labechi (Samburu), muvuthu (Kamba)
in Gambia: bawane, faftan, kupampan
in Ghana: a-gbo-loba, owula kofi ba, polipoli, unablapong, wolaporhu, wolapugo, wutsoe-wutsoe
in Guinea: mpompomogolo, nguyo
in Ivory Coast: furo fogo, ganganpi, niapi djara, nopiada, togo fogo, tumo tigi
in Kenya: etesuro
in Mali: bamanbé, bandambi, bauane, bawane, komitigi, korunka, krunka, mpompomogolo, ngoyo, nguyo, nyeyi, pobu, pomponpogolo, tezera, tirza, tomitigi, toreha, torha, toucha, tourha, tourjé, turdja, turia, tursha
in Mauritania: achur, kerenka, korunka, taurja, tourjé, turdja, turja, turjé
in Niger: bamanbé, bandambi, bauane, eshar, esshero, kayio, koruga, kulunhun, lifini, ochar, oshar, rhalga, tezera, tirza, toreha, torha, toucha, tourha, tourjé, tumfafia, tursha
in Nigeria: babambi, bambambele, bambambi, bambami, bembambi, bomubomu, kayou, kupa, papawea, pwom pwomohi, tumfafiya, tumpaapahi, ushar
in Sahara: turge
in Senegal: achur, babadi, bamabi, bamanbé, bamanbi-bauwami, bandambi, bauane, bawam bawam, bawoam, bodafor, bombardeira, bomborderu, borderu, bupumba pumb, faftan, fafton, kerenka, korunka, kupapa, mbadafot, mbontal, paftan, tulumpa, turdja, turjé, ushar
in Sierra Leone: puu-vande
in Sudan: oshar
in Tanzania: mpamba mwitu
in Togo: inawokodu, kudjohe, tambutiji, tschofu, tshawou
in Upper Volta: diawara, furo fogo, ganganpi, hurègo, niapi djara, potu, putrempugu, putru pouga, puwo, tomfania, tomo n’déké, tumo tigi
Calpocalyx Harms Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae, Mimosoideae)
Calpocalyx aubrevillei Pellegr.
Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast. Perennial non-climbing tree, seeds edible after cooking, sometimes confused with Calpocalyx brevibracteatus
See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80: 467. 1933
(Pounded seeds mixed with palm oil made into a paste applied to treat women’s breasts troubles.)
Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Harms
Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone to Cameroon. Perennial non-climbing tree, hollow branches, papery leaves, pinkish to orange flowers, inflorescence axillary or terminal, strongly flattened woody dehiscent pod, seeds edible after cooking
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(Mém. 8d): 155. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912]
(Crushed bark applied to treat sores, a mouthwash; inner bark used as stomachic.)
in Ghana: kotoprepre, samanta, tre-tre
in Ivory Coast: pétépré
in Liberia: kpu-ah
Nigeria, Cameroon. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, yellow-cream flowers, sometimes confused with Calpocalyx klainei Pierre ex Harms
(Powdered bark applied to wounds.)
in Gabon: mississe
Calpocalyx heitzii Pellegrin
Tropical Africa, Gabon. Perennial non-climbing tree, canopy tree, inflorescence an axillary pendent spike, dehiscent pods
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 84: 643. 1938 [1937 publ. 1938]
(Antiseptic, for skin diseases, venereal diseases.)
in Cameroon: amia, bebamme, bon, endoa, motoudon, miama, ékang, minsi
in Central Africa: mississé
in Gabon: koumaouma, mbôngo, miama, moamba
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Perennial non-climbing tree
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(Mém. 8d): 156. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912]
(Powdered bark used as an anodyne.)
in Cameroon: amia, bebamme, bon, endoa, miama, motoudon
in Central Africa: mississé
in Gabon: miama
Caltha L. Ranunculaceae
Caltha alba Cambess.
India, Kashmir.
See Species Plantarum 1: 558. 1753, The Flora of British India 40. 1855
(Whole plant made into a paste applied locally in rheumatism. Roots decoction for high fever. Leaves extract applied to the shoulders and neck for muscular pain. A source of ganja.)
in India: traker
North America. Herb, perennial, erect, fleshy, white bluish flowers, erect clusters of follicles
(Whole plant toxic, poisonous, strongly irritant; antispasmodic and expectorant, applied to wounds, warts.)
in English: mountain marsh-marigold, western marsh marigold, white marshmarigold
North America, India, China. Herb, perennial, erect or sprawling, sepals yellow or orange, red seeds
(Whole plant toxic only if large quantities eaten, poisonous, acrid, strongly irritant, sap can irritate sensitive skin, raw root or leaves should not be eaten. Roots anodyne, acrid, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, emetic, astringent, laxative, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient, to treat colds, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, warts, sores, itching, constipation, headache, diarrhea, anemia. Magic, a protection against love charms. Veterinary medicine, powdered leaves used to keep maggots out of cattle wounds.)
in English: american cowslip, buttercup, colt’s foot, cow-flock, cowslip, ground ivy, king’s-cup, kingcup, kingcups, mare-blebs, mare-blobs, marsh-marigold, May blob, may-blob, meadow bright, meadow bouts, palsywort, water-blobs, water bouts, water dragon, yellow marsh marigold
in North America: populage des marais, soucis d’eau
in China: lu ti cao, ma ti ye
in India: baringun, mamiri, maniru, traker
Caltha palustris L. var. alba (Cambess.) Hook. f. & Thomson ( Caltha alba Cambess.; Caltha alba Jacquem.)
India. Perennial herbs, rootstock thick, reniform cordate leaves
See Species Plantarum 1: 558. 1753, The Flora of British India 40. 1855
(Whole plant made into a paste applied locally in rheumatism. Roots decoction for high fever. Leaves extract applied to the shoulders and neck for muscular pain.)
in India: traker
North America, India, China. Perennial herb, erect or sprawling, sepals yellow or orange
(Whole plant toxic, poisonous, acrid, strongly irritant, sap can irritate sensitive skin, raw root or leaves should not be eaten.)
in English: american cowslip, buttercup, colt’s foot, cow-flock, cowslip, ground ivy, king’s-cup, kingcup, kingcups, mare-blebs, mare-blobs, marsh-marigold, May blob, may-blob, meadow bright, meadow bouts, palsywort, water-blobs, water bouts, water dragon, yellow marsh marigold
in North America: populage des marais, soucis d’eau
Calvoa Hook. f. Melastomataceae
See Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 732, 755. 1867.
Tropical Africa. Herb or shrub, subshrub, succulent, pink-purple corolla
(Roots poison antidote, tonic, diuretic.)
Calycobolus Willd. ex J.A. Schultes Convolvulaceae
Gabon, Cameroon. Liane, woody vine, climbing, white corolla, calyx green and purple
(Aphrodisiac, febrifuge.)
Calylophus Spach Onagraceae
North America. Perennial subshrub, herb
(Hemostat, for internal bleeding.)
in English: Hartweg’s sundrops
Calylophus hartwegii (Benth.) P.H. Raven subsp. fendleri (A. Gray) Towner & P.H. Raven ( Galpinsia hartwegii var. fendleri (A. Gray) Small; Oenothera fendleri A. Gray; Oenothera hartwegii subsp. fendleri (A. Gray) W.L. Wagner & Hoch; Oenothera hartwegii Benth. var. fendleri (A. Gray) A. Gray)
North America. Perennial subshrub, herb
(Hemostat, for internal bleeding.)
in English: Hartweg’s sundrops
Calypso Salisb. Orchidaceae
In honor of the nymph Calypso or Kalypso, daughter of Atlas and Queen of Ogygia, where Odysseus was shipwrecked, referring to the rarity or to the habitat of this orchid.
Subarctic & Temp. northern Hemisphere. Perennial herb, erect, tuber geophyte, single sweet-scented nodding magenta flower, bulb eaten raw or cooked
(Antispasmodic, anticonvulsive. Magic, charm.)
in English: fairy slipper, fairyslipper orchid
Calyptranthes Sw. Myrtaceae
Tropical America, West Indies. Tree or shrub, petals absent, 1-2 seeded red purple-black fruits
(For skin diseases, stomachic, astringent.)
in English: myrtle-of-the-river
Calystegia R. Br. Convolvulaceae
Norfolk Island. Creeper, twining
See Prodromus Florae Norfolkicae 51. 1833 and Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 28(4): 711. 1903 (publ. 1904)
(For treating chickenpox.)
in Samoa: lautafifi
North America. Perennial vine, herb
(Roots decoction taken for gonorrhea.)
in English: Paiute false bindweed
Calystegia occidentalis (A. Gray) Brummitt subsp. fulcrata (A. Gray) Brummitt ( Calystegia fulcrata (A. Gray) Brummitt; Convolvulus fulcratus (A. Gray) Greene; Convolvulus luteolus A. Gray var. fulcratus A. Gray; Convolvulus luteolus (Jacq.) Spreng. var. fulcratus A. Gray)
North America. Perennial vine, herb
(Aphrodisiac.)
in English: chaparral false bindweed
Cosmopolitan. Perennial vine, climber, creeping, twining, trailing, flexible, fleshy creeping rhizome, white funnel-shaped flowers, globose capsule, noxious weed, see also Convolvulus sepium
(Root demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, strongly purgative, potentially dangerous.)
in English: bear bind, bindweed, bracted bindweed, devil’s guts, devil’s vine, great bindweed, greater bindweed, hedge bindweed, hedge false bindweed, hedge glory bind, hedge-lily, hedge morning-glory, hedgebell, large bindweed, lily-bind, milk convolvulus, old man’s cap, Rutland beauty, wild morning-glory
Maori names: pohue, pohuhe
in China: hsuan hua, ou xuan hua
in South Americva: campanillas de lomas
SE Asia, China. Found growing on sandy seashores
in English: sea bindweed
in China: shen ye da wan hua
in Japan: hama-hiru-gao
(The juice which oozes from the stalks and root hardens into a type of resin and is used as a purge.)
Cameraria L. Apocynaceae
Tropical America. Tree, deciduous, monoecious, white latex, short stout trunk, stout branches, small dark green leaves, white flowers in terminal few flowered corymbose cymes
(Poisonous, blistering milky juice, irritant and toxic, burning and severe inflammation of the skin from contact with the sap.)
in English: bastard manchineel, savanna poison wood, savanna white poison wood, white poison wood
in China: ya dan hua
in Central America: bois lait, bwa lèt, chechém de caballo, chechén, chechén de caballo, maboa, laitier
Campanula L. Campanulaceae
North America. Erect, herbaceous, hollow, slightly winged, milky sap, thick roots, corolla blue-purple, axillary flowers in upper portion of stems, flowers subtended by 3 foliaceous bracts, stigma purple slightly curved at apex
(For pulmonary ailments, cough, tuberculosis.)
in English: American bellflower, tall bellflower
North America. Perennial herb, tangling, weak, short hooking bristles, pale blue to white flowers solitary nodding long-stalked funnel-shaped
(Emetic, pectoral. Stem decoction taken to induce childbirth.)
in English: bedstraw flower, eastern marsh bellflower, marsh bellflower, marsh harebell, small vine
North America. Perennial herb, erect, slender, very numerous drooping flowers in compound panicles, corolla light blue, style long exserted
See Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 109. 1803, Castanea 20: 60. 1955
(Antidiarrheal, root infusion.)
in English: Appalachian bellflower, small bonny, small bonny bellflower, southern bellflower, southern bluebell, southern harebell
Italy.
See Giorn. Fis. II. vii. 44, 98. 1824, Gard. Chron., III, 26: 96, 126. 1899
(Dermatitis, skin eruptions due to local irritants.)
Europe, Himalaya. Perennial herb, clump-forming, light blue flower
(Flowers emetic.)
in English: bellflower, giant bellflower, great bellflower, large campanula, wide-leaved bellflower
Europe, Belgium. Evergreen herb
(Dermatitis, contact sensitivity, skin eruptions due to local irritants. For throat problems.)
in English: Canterbury bells
India, Himalaya.
(Stem decoction taken by women to induce childbirth.)
North America. Perennial, single purple erect flower
(Root antiphlogistic, applied to bruises, skin ailments. Plant taken for women’s problems; dried plant to treat sores.)
in English: blue flower, harebell, Idaho bellflower, Parry’s bellflower
Europe. Perennial
(Antiinflammatory, to treat inflammatory diseases and/or wounds, also a cure for hydrophobia.)
in English: creeping bellflower, German rampion
Argentina, Europe. Perennial herb, erect, stiff, variable leaves, flowers reddish purplish, leaf rosettes and fleshy roots eaten
(Astringent, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, alterative, lactagogue, vulnerary, for warts.)
in English: rampion, rampion bellflower
North America, Europe. Perennial herb, taprooted, erect, round basal leaves, deep purplish blue nodding flowers in racemes, sepals spreading, deer resistant
(Antifungal, anti-depressant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiviral, sedative, disinfectant. Root chewed for heart and lung problems, an infusion used as ear drops. Magic, ceremonial, associated with fairies and witches, the juice was an element in some of the witches ‘flying ointments’, rubbed on the body of those bothered by witches.)
in English: aul man’s bells, bellflower, blaewort, blaver, blue blavers, bluebell, bluebell of Scotland, cuckoo’s hood, cuckoo’s thimbles, dead man’s bells, dead men’s bells, devil’s bells, fairies’ thimbles, harebell, lady’s thimble, milk-ort, thimbles, old man’s bells, Scotch bellflower, Scottish blue-bell, witch bells, witch’s thimbles
Northern hemisphere, North America. Perennial herb, taprooted, erect or decumbent, small blue solitary flowers slightly nodding at anthesis, narrow sepals and five fused bell-shaped campanulate petals
(Ceremonial, ritual.)
in English: alpine bluebell, arctic bellflower
Campanumoea Blume Campanulaceae
Himalaya, Japan. Perennial climber, herbaceous vine, flowers light yellowish-green
(Roots diuretic, expectorant, lactogenic, stomachic, used for anemia, jaundice, dyspepsia, diarrhea, nephritis, hemorrhoids, edema and diseases of the lymphatic system.)
Campnosperma Thwaites Anacardiaceae
India, Indonesia. Trees, flat-topped crown, inner bark reddish, spiral arrangements of the leaves, unisexual flowers, reddish-purple drupe
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 41. 1876
(Wood sap may cause dermatitis, sap from the wood can be harmful to people. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.)
in English: terentang-oil
in Borneo: hamtangen, manlanga, tapau
in Indonesia: madang rimuëng
in Malaysia: serantang, serentang, telatang, telatang pelanuk, terentang, terentang daun besar
Indonesia, Pacific.
(Oil, mixed with soot, an application to the body in order to give protection from lice and fleas. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.)
in English: tigaso-oil
See Malayan Miscellanies 2(7): 65. 1822 and Fl. Males. Bull. 1(3): 74. 1948
(The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.)
in Borneo: terentang paya, terenteng
in Malaysia: ambacang rawang, cedrol, hotong otan, huasum, kaauwe, kelinting, melumut, meranti daun lebar, nangprong, oreywood, paul lebu, sangtrang, serentang, terentang, terentang malung, terentang simpoh, tumus, terentang kelintang
SE Asia.
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 41. 1876
(The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis.)
in Malaysia: serantang, serentang, telatang, telatang, terentang
Campnosperma minus Corner
SE Asia, Malaysia.
See Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 10: 255. 1939
(The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis.)
Common name: terentang jantang
South America. Tree, erect, straight, watery latex, stilt roots, greenish cream flowers
(The plant showed good or very good antiprotozoal activity in vitro, antimalarial and leishmanicidal.)
in English: orey wood
in South America: auree, aures, hoary, laulu, miskitia, nusmas, orey, ori, ori-gria, orin, sajo, vaquerá
Campsis Lour. Bignoniaceae
China, Japan. Woody vine, creeping, scandent, deciduous, few aerial roots, large orange-red trumpet shaped flowers grouped in terminal clusters, flattened pods, winged seeds
(Used in Ayurveda. Pollen considered harmful to humans. Flowers antioxidative, antiinflammatory, carminative, depurative, diuretic, abortifacient, tonic and febrifuge, emmenagogue, used for women’s complaints, diabetes, acne, inflammation related to skin disorders, acute skin inflammation; flowers decoction for menstrual disorders, rheumatoid pains, traumatic injuries, difficult urination, itching. Flowers, leaves and roots used to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis in diseases caused by blood stagnation; flowers and leaves antidiabetic; leaves with pesticidal, larvicidal and insecticidal activities.)
in English: Chinese trumpet creeper, Chinese trumpet flower, Chinese trumpet vine, Indian trumpet creeper, trumpet creeper, trumpet vine
in China: ling hsiao, ling hsiao hua, ling tiao, ling xiao, ling xiao hua, tzu wei
in India: delaun, rohitakalata
in Japan: nôzen-kazura
in Nepal: ghata puspa lata
North America. Woody vine, tubular orange-yellow to red flowers in clusters, elongated slender capsule with many winged seeds
(Leaves and flowers poisonous, low toxicity if eaten; skin irritation with redness and swelling.)
in English: cow-itch, trumpet creeper, trumpet honeysuckle, trumpet vine
Camptosema Hook. & Arn. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)
Camptosema paraguariense (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl. var. parviflorum Hassl. ( Camptosema paraguariense Hassl. var. parviflorum Hassl.)
South America. Shrub
(A contraceptive, the decoction of leaves, branches and roots.)
Camptotheca Decne. Cornaceae (Nyssaceae)
China.
(A major natural source of the terpenoid indole alkaloid camptothecin, two semi-synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, are currently prescribed as anticancer drugs.)
in English: China’s tree of joy
Campylandra Baker Asparagaceae (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae)
India, Himalaya. Erect herb
(Flowers cooked as vegetable and eaten as a postpartum remedy and blood purifier, to cure general body pain, diabetes. Roots febrifuge.)
in India: nakima, thullo nakima
Campylotropis Bunge Fabaceae (Desmodieae, Leguminosae)
China.
(Whole plant used for treating strokes, influenza, nephritis and skin diseases. Ointment.)
in China: ma niao teng
China. Shrub, purple corolla
(Root febrifuge.)
in China: xi nan hang zi shao
China.
(Dried roots used for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia. Immunosuppressive activity.)
Campylotropis pinetorum (Kurz) Schindl. subsp. velutinum (Dunn) H. Ohashi ( Campylotropis pinetorum (Kurz) Schindl. subsp. velutina (Dunn) H. Ohashi; Campylotropis velutina (Dunn) Schindler; Campylotropis velutina Schindler; Lespedeza pinetorum auct. non Kurz; Lespedeza velutina Dunn; Millettia cavaleriei H. Lév.)
China. Perennial non-climbing shrub
(Root astringent and pain reliever.)
in China: mian nan hang zi shao, rong mao hang zi shao
China. Shrub, pink flowers, fodder for cattle
(Root used for reducing fever, promoting diuresis, expelling phlegm and as a pain reliever.)
in China: sa gen ti hang zi shao, xiao que hua
in Tibet: ji jo, jiong nie, jion nie peng
Nepal, Bhutan. Perennial non-climbing shrub, many-branched, pink or purple flowers in axillary or terminal spikes, flowers boiled and pickled
(Bark juice antiinflammatory, antiseptic, applied to treat cuts and wounds.)
in China: mei li hang zi shao
in Nepal: sakhino, sakino
China. Shrub, yellowish flowers
(Whole plant used for reducing fever and relieving coughs. Root for treating mastitis and stroke.)
in China: san leng zhi hang zhi shao
Cananga (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae
Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia. Tree, grey shaggy bark, alternate soft velvety aromatic leaves, inflorescence a raceme with fragrant flowers, sepals 3, lanceolate greenish petals, fruit of many separate hairy carpels, flowers can be used like those of ylang-ylang
(Wood infusion febrifuge, antiplasmodial; bark a remedy for dizziness.)
in Cambodia: chker sreng
in China: da ye yi lan
in Laos: may ka seng
in Malaysia: kenanga, tho shui tree
in Thailand: khae saeng, nao, raap, sakae saeng
in Vietnam: c[aa]y tai nghe, th[oo]m shui, s[uw] t[aa]y
Australia, Pacific islands, SE Asia. Tree, evergreen, straggling, pendulous, pale yellow-green sweetly fragrant flowers on short leafless axillary shoots, flowers hang in loose bunches, fruits dark green, brown seeds embedded in yellow oily pulp
(Used in Sidha. Ylang-ylang oil has been accepted as an allergen. Bark antibacterial, amebicidal, antifungal and cytotoxic; bark applied against scurf; bark infusion for stomach problems. Dried flowers against malaria, fresh flowers paste for treating asthma. Leaves poultice rubbed on the skin against itch. Seed used externally to cure intermittent fever.)
in English: cananga, fragrant cananga, ilang-ilang, macassar oil plant, perfume tree, ylang-ylang, ylang-ylang tree
in Tonga: mohokoi
in Bali: bungan sandat
in Burma (Myanmar): kadapgnam, kadatngan, sagasein
in Cambodia: chhkè srèng
in China: yi lan
in India: apoorva champaka, apoorvachampakamu, apurbachampa, apurvacampaka, apurvacampakamu, cirucanpakam, ceti campanki, canpakam, catimanoca, cumana, cuvetaka, cuvetika, iracaputtiri, irattimanikkakkoti, irattimanikkam, irunti, kamalada mara, kamanda mara, kananga hoo, karumukai, katthe sampige, malani, malati, malatimaram, maramanorancitam, nettiramali, nettiramalimaram, nettiranirumali, pamini, pavalavaruti, picci, piriyavata, pitti
in Indonesia: bunga selanga, kananga, kenanga, sepalen
in Laos: ka dan nga thay
in Malaysia: chenanga, hutan, kananga, kenanga, kenanga utan, neriah, nérian, nyai
in Philippines: alangilang, ilang-ilang, ylang-ylang
in Thailand: fereng, kradang-nga-thai, kradang-ngaa-thai, kradangnga-songkhla, kradangnga-thai, sabannga-ton
in Vietnam: ho[af]ng lan, ng[oj]c lan t[aa]y, ylang ylang
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson var. fruticosum (Craib) Sinclair ( Canangium fruticosum Craib; Cananga odorata var. fruticosa J. Sinclair; Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King var. fruticosum (Craib) Corner)
SE Asia, Thailand. Dwarf variety, bush, curly petals
(Antibacterial, antifungal.)
in English: shrubby cananga
in Thailand: kradang nga songkhla
Canarina L. Campanulaceae
From the Canary Islands, see Mantissa Plantarum Altera 2: 148, 225, 588. 1771 and Ind. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 1753-74 (Regn. Veg.li.) 36. 1967.
Tropical Africa. Epiphytic or terrestrial, erect or scandent, climber, pendent, herbaceous, weak stem, thick root, latex when cut, funnel-shaped corolla pink yellow-orange with red-purple lines, stems and petioles eaten
(For psychosis, madness. Magic, ritual.)
in Rwanda: umuhurura
Canarium L. Burseraceae
SE Asia, China, Vietnam. Tree, white aromatic resinous sticky sap, yellowish-green flowers in axillary raceme, raw fruit edible, douc langurs ( Pygathrix nemaeus L.) eat the leaves and fruits
(Olive leaf extract powerful antiviral, detoxificant, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, shown to be effective in the treatment of many conditions where antibiotics have been found to be ineffective, against HIV and tuberculosis, sore throat, cough, malaria, fish or crab poisoning, to remove heat. Raw fruit to help indigestion and combat drunkenness. Antioxidant, tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark.)
in English: Chinese olive, Chinese white olive
in China: ch’ing kuo, gan lan, kan lan, kan lang
in Japan: kanran
in Vietnam: ca na, cay bui, tram trang
Canarium amboinense Hochr.
Papua New Guinea.
See Hochreutiner, Benedict Pierre Georges (1873-1959), Plantae bogorienses exsiccatae novae vel minus cocnitae [!] quae in horto botanico coluntur, auctore B.P.G. Hochreutiner … 55. [Buitenzorg] typis Instituti botanici bogoriensis. 1904.
(Against boils.)
Canarium bengalense Roxb.
India, China. Tree, fragrant amber coloured oleoresin, imparipinnate leaves, lanceolate leaflets, inflorescences axillary, dark purple spindle-shaped aromatic drupes, persistent calyx disk-shaped, infructescences extra-axillary or axillary, ripe fruits eaten fresh
(Leaves for bronchitis, leprosy, jaundice; juice of leaves with ginger juice administered in cough and respiratory diseases; smoke of the leaves inhaled as cigar in asthma; leaves infusion drunk for dysentery; leaves powder pesticide, insecticide, against fungal infection. Leaves and roots for chronic bronchitis; leaves juice or root decoction given for respiratory diseases; ashed leaves and wood mixed with honey used for coughs and asthma. Leaves and bark antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antibacterial, febrifuge, abortifacient, antiasthmatic, antiallergic, for setting broken bones, relieving pain, resolving phlegm, used externally for rheumatic swellings, inflammations. Latex in the treatment of wounds and gum infection. Antifungal. Bark resin, incense, used in worshipping.)
in English: East Indian copal, green myrobalan
in China: fang lan
in India: bero, berothing, bisjang, borsamphol, dhuna, hijungaraung, inghet-ki-ik-araung, keruta, mathek-araung, mekruk, narockpa, nerebi, tekreng, umchhiang
in Nepal: goguldhup, gokul
India, Panama. Tree, clear sticky sap, sepals and petals greenish creamy white
(Used in Sidha. For stomach problems and coughs.)
in English: Chinese olive, elemi gum, Java almond, Java almond tree, wild almond
in India: cimaivatumai, cinappicinmaram, jaava badaami, jangli baadaam, kaggali beeja, kaggali mara, karaiccenkari, sambrani, shambrani
Canarium euphyllum Kurz
India, Andaman. Large tree, white aromatic resin, leaf with a pair of awl-like stipules, nearly sessile hairy leaflets with toothed margins
See Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. (1872) II. 295. 1872
(Resin burnt as mosquito repellent. Resin used for burning in ceremonies.)
in English: Indian white mahogany
in India: dhup, moye
Tonga. Tree, dense canopy
See Seemann, Berthold (1825-1871), Flora Vitiensis: a description of the plants of the Viti or Fiji islands, with an account of their history, uses, and properties. 35. London: L. Reeve and co. 1865
(Resin for ulcers; fruit laxative.)
in English: canarium nut, galip nut, ngali nut, Santa Cruz ngali nut
in Tonga: ‘ai, ai, kaunicina, kaunigai, nangae, nangai
Indonesia, New Guinea, N. Hebrides. Tree, flowers in terminal panicles, large infructescences, fruit an ovoid purple to black drupe, kernels edible
(Resin for ulcers; fruit laxative, a preparation from the bark used for chestpain. Dried nuts eaten to induce sterility. Ritual incense.)
in English: canarium nut, galip nut, Java almond, nangai nuts, ngali nut, south-sea almond
in Indonesia: jal, kanari bagéa, kenari ambo
in Pacific: nangai, ngali
in Papua New Guinea: angal, galip, hinuei, kenari, lawele, uele
Java. Canopy tree, dioecious, black resin, stout twigs rusty red tomentose, kidney-shaped stipules, inflorescencs paniculate and axillary, yellow-reddish-purple unisexual flowers densely ferruginous hairy, blue-black drupe with thin leathery flesh
(For hemorrhoids.)
in Borneo: asam, bekatan, damar kahingai, jelemu, karamu barawou, kawangang, kurihang, mekos, rupai, sala, seladah
in Singapore: kedondong, kedondong bulan
Philippines. Tree, clustered flowers on large compound inflorescences
See Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1811-1871), Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. i. II. 651. Amsterdam. 1855[-59].
(Resin stimulant, rubefacient, antirheumatic, stomachic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, fungicidal and insecticidal, cough remedy, used externally for swellings of the legs, indolent ulcers, burns, sores, boils, abscesses, furuncles, arthritis and rheumatism.)
in English: elemi gum, elemi resin, Java almond, Manila elemi
in Philippine Isl.: alangi, alanki, antang, anteng, arbol a brea, bakan, bakoog, belis, brea blanca, bulau, malapili, pilauai, pilaui, pili, pisa, sahing, tugtugin
Tanzania, Madagascar. Tree, extremely variable, bark containing a turpentine-odoured white clear resin, white campanulate flowers
(Resin insecticide and disinfectant, for the treatment of urinary complaints, dental caries, rheumatism, wounds; after heating vapor inhaled against headache, immersion in its vapor is believed to protect against infections. Fresh bark for colic, hemorrhoids and jaundice; bark decoction in treating dysentery, hypertension, cough, chest pain. Leaves boiled with other herbs and the decoction used to treat coughs; stem exudate and leaves sedative, analgesic. The seeds roasted and pounded and the resulting powder mixed with skin oil or jelly to treat wounds.)
in Madagascar: aramy, ramy
in Tanzania: mbani, mpafu
Canarium manii King
India, Andaman.
(Hepatoprotective.)
Canarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl.
Papua New Guinea. Tree, colourless bark exudate, inflorescence axillary
See Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. 4: 241. 1896 and Flora Malesiana, Series 1, 278-279, fig. 20, 21, 41. 1956
(Stimulating hair oil. Against itchiness.)
in English: grey canarium
in Indonesia: kanari minyak, kayu rasamala, rani kalang bahi
Canarium ovatum Engl.
Philippines. Tree, erect and spreading, yellowish fragrant flowers borne on cymose inflorescences at the leaf axils of young shoots
See Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum) 57(2): 107-204. 2002
(Ointment for healing wounds. Seed kernel laxative, fresh nuts purgative.)
in English: Manila elemi, Philippine nut, pili nut
Mauritius. Tree, endangered
See Pharmaceutical Biology 35(4): 237-254. 1997, Pure Appl. Chem. 77(1): 41-51. 2005
(A leaf poultice and the resin applied for rheumatism, leaf poultice also applied on ulcerations. Extracts of the stem, wood and bark have shown antibacterial and antifungal activities.)
in Mauritius: bois colophane, élemi de Maurice
Indonesia, Malaya, Sumatra, Brunei. Tree, dioecious, inner bark creamy, few-flowered inflorescences, flowers tomentose, oblong drupe with a 3-sided stone, sweet seeds edible
See Flora of British India. By J.D. Hooker assisted by Various botanists. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in council. [Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Sir (1817- 1911)] i. 533. London, L. Reeve. 1872-1897
(Resin used for wounds. Leaves and bark for yaws.)
in Indonesia: damar kunang, damar lilin, medang serababa
in Malaysia: kedondong, kedondong kerut, kejam penggeli, keramoh batu
Southern China, Vietnam. Tree, resiniferous, evergreen, small flowers in axillary panicles, long-stalked fruits, edible fruit a purple-black drupe
(Leaf nutrient and sedative, used to treat herpes, lacquer poisoning. Fruit astringent, sedative, antiinflammatory, increases salivation, appetite stimulant, antidote for eating poisonous fish, used for sore throat, toothache, diarrhea. Powdered seed to treat earache, inflammation and to dissolve lodged fishbones.)
in English: black canarium, black canary tree fruit, black Chinese canarium, canarium kernel, Chinese black olive, Chinese olive, kenari-nut tree, preserved black canarium
in China: lan ch’ih, lan chi, lan jen, kan-lan, lan ren, wu lan
in Vietnam: bùi, càna, trám-den
Canarium samoense Engler
Samoa. Tree
See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 134. 1883
(For rash, sores, skin ailments.)
in Samoa: a’a matie, ma’ali, maali
Tropical Africa, Nigeria, Senegal. Large tree, spreading, rounded umbrella crown, bark exudes a viscid sulfur-yellow oleoresin with an unpleasant taste or sweetly scented, young branchlets hairy red-brown when cut the fragrant resin smells of incense, creamy white flowers in axillary panicles, soft bluish black glabrous smooth fruits, 3-ridged stone, ripe flesh fruit and kernel eaten
(Antimicrobial, used to treat bacterial infections, diarrhea and heal wounds. Fresh bark used for colic, hemorrhoids and jaundice, the exudate for venereal diseases; bark decoction in treating dysentery, hypertension, cough, chest pain. Fruits and stem bark for coughs. Fruit pulp analgesic. Leaves stimulant, to treat fever, scurvy, malaria, constipation, diarrhea, postpartum pain, rheumatism, venereal diseases; boiled with other herbs and the decoction used to treat coughs. Seeds roasted and pounded and the resulting powder mixed with skin oil or jelly to treat wounds. Magic, ritual, crystallized resin used as incense with religious significance.)
in English: African canarium, African elemi, bush candle tree, bush pear, canarium, incense tree, incense tree of the khiokhio bird, obega mahagony, úbé of the bush, white mahogany
in Cameroon: abe, abel, abell, bele, bòsao b’eyidi, eban, gberi, hehe, mbili, oleni, otu, sao eyidi, sene, toumba, wotua
in Congo: banga, bili, bolele, bubele, ki mbidi, mabélé, mbidi, mbidi nkala, mbili, mbiri, mobele, mombele, mubiri, mupatu, musuku, obe, obélé, obole
in Gabon: abe, abel, abeul, aboel, eban, mbili, moubili, muwafu, mwafu, nyege, nyegye, obe, obega, ovili, owele, ombili
in Ghana: ahie, amoukyi, bedi-wo-nua, bedi-womua, bediwu-nua, bediwonua, bediwuna, bediwunua, bedunua, bewewo-nua, kandangunuu, kantankrui, kurutwe
in Guinea: dollo, ghiémana, modjetchalè, oclanca, sava
in Ivory Coast: ahié, ahiélé, aiele, aiélé, aiéré, dirutu, elemi de Moahum, gueritu, kerendja-égué, khiala, labé, moi moua, mosu, muneu, muamohia, muemia, muénohia, nosu, okoume, okumé, senie, senyan, uréguinahi, yatu
in Liberia: beeng, beri, bi, bien-g, bo-tu, goe quehn, goekwehn, mbele, po-tu
in Nigeria: abigwa, agbabubu origbo, ako, àkó, anikantuhu, atile, atilia, atílis, boshu basang, boshu-basung, ébèn étìrìdon, eben etridon, èkpákpoghò, èshiá, ibagbo, ibwaba, ipapo, itali, kofare, njasin, njassong, njasun, njasung, oda, ofingot, oju-ngon, onumu, origbo, órigbó, órúnmùnkhìokhìo, otua, papo, papol, pwat, siselung, tamfre, ùbé agba, ùbé mkpuru aki, ùbé-óhèá, ùbé okpókó, ùbé-osà, ùbé wemba, ùbwé aba, uda, ute-siselung
in Sierra Leone: a-menẻp, a-nenẻp, dolle, dolo, mbele, mbili, sawa
in Tanzania: mbafu, mbani, mpafu, mubafu, sigonfi
in Tropical Africa: abé, abe, abel, abell, abo, aielé, bedunua, hehe, oyife
in Uganda: musanke
in Upper Volta: cien, paja
India, China, Himalaya. Trees, evergreen, buttressed, resin dark brown to black oozing from cut end of trunk, small unisexual yellowish-white flowers, inflorescence axillary panicles rusty tomentose, staminate flowers in subterminal panicles, pistillate flowers in racemes, drupes blue-black at maturity, fruits eaten
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Fruit of Canarium resiniferum taken for urinary complaints. Bark decoction as a bath for skin eruptions; an infusion taken for colic. Gum used with gingelly oil ( Sesamum indicum) in rheumatic pains; decoction or powder of resin given internally as a remedy in cough, asthma, fever, hemorrhage, epilepsy, rheumatism, syphilis, poisons, skin diseases. Crushed leaves as fish poison. Resin burnt for expelling mosquitoes from house and also for healing wounds. Ceremonial, ritual, magico-religious and supernatural beliefs, conserved in sacred groves, the dried resin used to fumigate at religious adorations; resin from the stem is burnt at home to get good health and wealth, also paddy fields are fumigated.)
in English: black dammar, black dammar tree, Yunnan canarium
in China: dian lan, t’ien lan, tian lan, yang duan, yang jui, yang rui, yang tuan
in India: attam, berawthing, beroh, bot-sasat, brev, canari-telli mara, damar, dhoop, dhuna, dhup, dong-khreng, doopa, gugul, haale maddu, haalu maddi, halemaddu, halmaddi, haralu maddi, harlmuddy, inkulicamaram, itarcam, jaali banke, kaaladaamar, kakanemi, kakanemimaram, kala-damar, kala-dammar, kala dammar, kaladammar, karedupa, karee dhoopa, kari dhoopa, kariyapolam, karridhupa, karungkungiliyam, karangkunthrikam, karungundurukkam, karunkiliyam, karunkungiliam, karunkungiliyam, karunkunkiliyam, karunkuntirikkam, karuppu-damar, karuppu kungiliam, karuppudamar, karuppuk kunkiliyam, karuppukkungiliyam, karuppukkunkiliyam, karupputamar, karupudamar, karuthakungiliam, karuttukungiliam, karuttukunkiliyam, kukkil kungulam, kundrikam, kundurukkam, kungiliam, kungiliyam, kunguli, kunthirikkapayin, kunturukkam, kunturukkan, kunturukkapayam, kunturukkappayan, manda dhoopa, manda-dhup, mandadhoop, mandadhup, mandadhupa, mandadupa, mekruk, munddoopa, nalla-rojan, nalla rojanamu, nallarojanamu, nallarojen, panda, pandu, pantam, pantappayan, pantham, raala dhoopa, raladhupa, raladupa, raldhoop, raldhup, raldhupada, sanglam, silum pakia, solum, tanpukai, tanpukaimaram, telli, thally, thelli, thellippayin, thelly, tubam, tupam, viraga, viraka, virapu
Vietnam. Tree, small greenish flowers in large panicles, fruit an ovoid to spindle-shaped blackish drupe, pericarp rather thick, pulp and seeds from the fruits edible, pickled fruit, douc langurs ( Pygathrix nemaeus L.) eat the leaves and fruits
(Olive leaf extract antiviral, cytotoxic, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, against HIV and tuberculosis, sore throat, cough, malaria, fish or crab poisoning. Raw fruit to help indigestion and combat drunkenness. Antioxidant, tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark.)
in English: Chinese olive, Vietnam canarium
in China: ch’ing kuo, gan lan, kan lan, kan lang, yue lan, yueh lan
in Indochina: ca na
in Japan: kanran
in Thailand: samo cheen
in Vietnam: cay bui, trám tráng
Canarium villosum Benth. & Hook.f. ex Náves
Philippines.
See Flora de Filipinas, ed. 3 [F.M. Blanco] Nov. App. 40. 1877-1883
(Resin stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary.)
in Philippines: pagsahingin
Canarium vitiense A. Gray
Samoa. Tree
See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 134. 1883
(For rash, sores, skin ailments.)
in Samoa: a’a matie, ma’ali, maali
Tropical Asia.
(Demulcent, irritant, antiviral, rubefacient, stimulant, vulnerary, cytotoxic, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, expectorant, immunostimulant.)
in English: Chinese olive, Java almond, kenari nut, kenari nut tree, pili nut
Canotia Torr. Celastraceae
See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 4(5): 68. 1857 and Kew Bulletin 18: 255. 1964.
Canotia holacantha Torr.
North America. Perennial tree or shrub, berries eaten raw
See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 4(5): 68. 1857 and Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 87: 251-258. 2001
(Stimulant, stomachic.)
in English: canotia, crucifixion thorn
Cantua Juss. ex Lam. Polemoniaceae
Peru. Shrub, red pink yellow tubular flowers, calyx connate, seeds with marginal wing
(Flowers infusion astringent, against diarrhea, cough, rheumatism, liver and eyes complaints. Veterinary medicine, branches and flowers infusion for diarrhea. Magic, a symbol of unity, to bring good luck, ceremonial, offerings, superstitious practices.)
in English: magic flower, magic-flower-of-the-Incas, magic tree, Peruvian magic tree, sacred-flower-of-the-Incas
in Peru: cantu, cantuta, ccantu, ccantus, ccantut, ccantutay, ccelmo, flor del Inca, jantu, jinllo, kantu, kantuta, khantuta, la flor sagrada de los Incas, qantu, qantuta
South America.
(Infusion used as a laxative.)
Cantua quercifolia Juss.
Ecuador, Peru. Shrub or small trees, suffrutex, white flowers
See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 3: 118. 1804
(Analgesic, tonic, a remedy for malaria, sore knees.)
in Peru: dormidero, pepiso
Capirona Spruce Rubiaceae
A vernacular name, see Fl. Ecuador 50: 1-112. 1994.
Tropical America. Fruit edible
(Leishmanicidal. For skin diseases, psoriasis, fungal infections, diabetes and wounds.)
in Bolivia: batahua, guayabochi
in Peru: capirona, capirona de altura, capirona negra, capirona negra de altura, kshi muna, madera de hierro, metaguais, meta-guayo, pau-mulato
Capparicordis H.H. Iltis & X. Cornejo Capparaceae
Peru, Ecuador west of the Andes. Xerophytic shrubs or small trees, stellate pubescence
(Used to cure rheumatism, hot water extract given as oral application to human adult for neuritis.)
Argentina to Bolivia and Paraguay east of the Andes. Xerophytic shrubs or small trees, stellate pubescence, corolla yellow-green or yellow, unripe fruit boiled in water administered orally to human adult as a food
(Leaf decoction taken for cough, also with mate tea for sore eyes. Fresh chewed leaves applied externally to furuncles.)
Capparidastrum Hutch. Capparidaceae (Capparaceae)
Neotropics.
(Irritant.)
South America. Shrub or undershrub
(Arrow poison.)
Caragana Fabr. Fabaceae (Galegeae)
India, Himalaya. Perennial non-climbing herb
(Roots used for burns, boils, skin diseases.)
Caragana brevispina Benth.
Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub, multi-stemmed, flowers yellow turning coral with age, leaves or flower buds cooked as vegetable
(Plant decoction taken for joint ache. Ceremonial, the flowers.)
in India: shuroo
in Nepal: jomosing, sabalo
India, Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub
(Root paste applied to treat cuts, wounds and dislocation of bone.)
in China: ni bo er jin ji er
in Nepal: pakchar
Caraipa Aublet Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae, Guttiferae)
Brazil, Colombia.
(Sap applied as antifungal, for skin diseases.)
in Colombia: kar-pat’, ma-wan-he-te
Brazilian Amazon.
(Antibacterial and cytotoxic, crushed leaves applied on skin diseases, herpes, mange, rashes, itching.)
Caraipa parvielliptica Cuatrec.
Colombia.
See Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 8: 64. 1950
(Crushed leaves applied on skin diseases, sores of the mucous membrane of the mouth, rashes, itching.)
Cardiopteris Wallich ex Royle Cardiopteridaceae (Olacaceae, Icacinaceae)
SE Asia, Malesia. Herb, vine, climbing, twining, white milky latex, leaves spirally arranged, flowers in panicles, forest edges, in secondary vegetation
See Adansonia 10: 280-281. 1872, Fl. Brit. India 1: 597. 1875
(Stem sap used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems; a stem decoction for hepatitis. Leaves for headache.)
in Papua New Guinea: duman, qacac, zafengang
Cardwellia F. Muell. Proteaceae
Cardwellia sublimis F. Muell.
Australia, northeast Queensland. Canopy tree, aluminum accumulator
(Cyanogenic, irritant, dermatitis.)
in English: bull-oak, bull silky oak, golden spangle-wood, golden spanglewood, lacewood, northern bull-oak, northern silky oak, oongaary, silky oak
Ngôi Sao World Cup Bán Cà Ri Gà Trong Mùa Dịch Covid
(Thethaovanhoa.vn)- Kwanrudee Sangchan, ngôi sao đội tuyển nữ Thái Lan từng 2 lần dự World Cup 2015 và 2019 cho biết cô đang ở quê nhà để vừa tránh dịch bệnh, vừa điều hành một cửa hàng bán đồ ăn để phụ giúp thêm cho gia đình trong thời gian xa bóng đá.
Ngôi sao đội tuyển nữ Thái Lan 2 lần dự World Cup bóng đá nữ Sunisa Sangthaisong đã phải hoãn cưới chồng vì dịch bệnh Covid-19.
Trong bài trả lời truyền thông xứ Chùa Vàng sáng 16/4 vừa qua, cầu thủ 29 tuổi của ĐTQG Thái Lan cho biết cô đã về quê nhà ở tỉnh Sakon Nakhon để giúp mẹ điều hành một cửa hàng bán thực phẩm do gia đình mở ra từ lâu nay.
Sangchan không có việc gì làm trong thời gian nghỉ bóng đá rất dài do dịch bệnh Covid-19 vừa qua nên từ khi trở về quê hương sau khi khép lại vòng loại Olympic Tokyo 2020 (Thái Lan bị loại trước Australia và Trung Quốc), tuyển thủ Thái Lan may mắn còn có công việc để giết thời gian, không như nhiều đồng nghiệp khác.
Ngôi sao đội tuyển nữ Thái Lan phải về phụ bếp với gia đình trong mùa dịch
Cầu thủ từng đưa Thái Lan 2 lần đến World Cup cho biết: “Kể từ khi kết thúc vòng loại Olympic vào đầu tháng 2 tại Australia, Liên đoàn bóng đá Thái Lan đã yêu cầu các cầu thủ xả trại do Covid-19 bùng phát. Giải trong nước đã phải hoãn lại nên tôi đã trở về quê nhà để giúp mẹ công việc bán thực phẩm. Mẹ tôi đã mở một nhà hàng trong một thời gian dài nhưng mới chuyển đến huyện In Ban Muang, tỉnh Sakon Nakhon trong 2-3 năm qua.
“Trong thời điểm cửa hàng bình thường thì chỉ có mẹ tôi và nhân viên, nay có thêm tôi phụ giúp thêm. Thông thường, cửa hàng bán rất tốt. Đặc biệt là từ 11 giờ trưa đến 1 giờ chiều. Tuy nhiên tình hình dịch bệnh khiến thu nhập hàng ngày đã giảm đáng kể, trung bình mỗi ngày doanh thu giảm tới một nửa doanh thu (khoảng 2-3 triệu đồng).
Chúng tôi vẫn còn nhiều khách hàng trung thành và có thể gọi điện thoại trước để đặt món ăn rồi mang đi”, Sangchan nói thêm.
Sangchan khi chạm trán đội tuyển nữ Việt Nam ở SEA Games 30 năm ngoái
Đề cập đến bóng đá, cô nói: “Bản thân tôi chắc chắn sẽ phải ở lại giúp mẹ thêm một thời gian dài nữa. Tôi vẫn không biết khi nào bóng đá sẽ quay trở lại. Bây giờ điều tôi nghĩ là hãy cố gắng duy trì tình trạng thể chất tốt nhất”.
Crc World Dictionary Of Medicinal And Poisonous Plants
Caccinia Savi Boraginaceae
See Genera Plantarum 128. 1789, Cose Botaniche 1, 7, pl. 1. 1832.
India.
(Used in Unani. Leaves diuretic, demulcent, antiinflammatory, for asthma, cough.)
in India: gaozabaan
Cadaba Forssk. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)
Namibia. Shrub, evergreen and leafless, spiky stems, tangled, dense, twigs spinescent, deep red to yellow glandular flowers, warty sticky fruits, small black seeds covered with a sticky bright orange pulp, only younger branches browsed by game and livestock, frost and drought resistant
See Gen. S. Afr. Pl. ed. 2, 13. 1868 and Flora Zambesiaca: Mozambique, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Bechuanaland Protectorate. Volume 1, part 1 / edited by A.W. Exell and Hiram Wild, on behalf of the editorial board. London, 1960
(Toxic to sheep. Roots potentially poisonous, roots strongly purgative, an overdose might be toxic. Moist powdered plant applied as a poultice to draw boils and abscesses.)
in English: black storm, desert broom, leafless wormbush
in South Africa: bloustam, bobbejaanarm, swartstorm
East and West Africa, Yemen. Slender shrub, weak, tangled, spreading, many-branched from the base, densely twigged, arching branches, yellow-green flowers, cylindrical pods, black seeds surrounded by orange aril, leaves and young twigs edible, pounded leaves cooked in couscous, bark eaten with cereals, edible fruit, plant browsed by all stock
(Leaves analgesic, antiviral, antirheumatic, antiphlogistic, antiscorbutic, tonic, stimulant, astringent, antihelmintic, purgative, antidote against food poisoning, emmenagogue; leaves decoction for gonorrhea; ground leaf powder for ulcers and skin complaints. Roots infusion used for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Plant ash rubbed for body pains. Magic, ritual, charm, superstition, good luck, marriage. Veterinary medicine, roots and leaves used to treat anthrax in cattle.)
in Arabic: asal, el bejad, korraeb, saerah, toraeb
in India: viluti
in Benin: kobokayé
in East Africa: kibalazi-mwitu, mvunja-vumo, ol-amalogi
in Guinea: berekunan, kesebere tamba niogu, quinquemini
in Kenya: arerenion, eren, ereng, kalkacha hare, larasoro, luharamira, mchachale, orosoro
in Mali: abago, azrom, balamji, hassu ueil, kwemkwemini, minzin, to-magny, uggar
in Mauritania: azrom, szrom, zerom, zrum
in Niger: abago, abogu, bagahy, bagaie, bagayi, bagey, balamji, gursimé, harikanelifi, harkanelifi, hassu ueil, marga, tchuma, ugar, uggar
in Nigeria: anza, bagaji, bagayi, balamji, baldamhi, beelidamhi, beldamhi, bultù, dangarafa, guno, hadza, handja, hanza, surreih
in Senegal: azrom, balamji, bere kuna, demadugu, gavargi, kesebere tamba, n-debarka, ndebaré, ndebarga, ndebargé, ndegareg, ndegarek, nogu, sinsin, sinsini, szrom, tensen, tomani, tsinsini, zerom, zrum
in Somalia: geed-maaluugeed
in Tanzania: endamologi, eren, ereng, kaningwa, larasoro, luharamira, mchachale, mpambue, ol ameloki, ol jani el sirgon, sangwa sangwa
Cadaba farinosa Forssk. subsp. adenotricha (Gilg & GilgBen.) R.A. Graham
Tanzania. Shrub, herb, succulent, stem cream, densecrowned, leaves glaucous, flower pale green yellowish, exocarp pale green, endocarp orange
(Roots poisonous.)
India. Shrub, flowers dirty white
(Used in Sidha. Leaves and roots antiphlogistic, purgative, anthelmintic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, analgesic, deobstruent, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, used to treat ulcer, syphilis, sores, vitiligo, worm infection; leaf juice to reduce swelling, in rheumatism; leaf juice boiled in castor oil applied for fracture and snakebite. Roots decoction in uterine obstructions. Veterinary medicine, leaves decoction given orally to cure tympany; leaf extract applied in boils, blisters, ulcers and wounds.)
in English: Indian cadaba
in India: aadamorinika, adamorinika, ayamiyamakki, ayattaiiyamakki, carapattiram, chaayagavache, chavukkuttiyanku, cheganike, chegaviche, chekonadi, chemudu, chikonadi, chikondi, chimurudu poola, ciramota, ciramotakacceti, ciramotakam, ciramotan, cirmotan, ciruviluticceti, cumirutam, curapicitti, dabi, habal, itankali, itankalimaram, kacitti, kadhab, kainaci, karppakalakkiruti, katagatti, kattakatti, keganike, kegnike, kodab, kodhab, konda mirapa, kunkilatikacceti, kunkilatikam, kutippanikam, mangare, maragacha, maragache, maragada, maragade, maragadegida, maravili, maravilicceti, margade, mattametikam, mattametikamaram, mirchikand, mota, motti, nacukatitam, narcitti, narivili, narivili, narivilicceti, palavili, palavilicceti, pattirakam, piluka, pittavaram, polumorinika, puttiracutanam, tarunikam, tarunikamaram, tatakam, tirucupattiram, uruvaracam, uruvaracamaram, uruvaraccammatti, uttarakarikai, vaelivee, vanamulam, veludhu, vilimmi, viliti, viluti, visanacini, vittuki, vittukicceti, vizhivi, vizhuthi, vizuthi, vutarasi chettu, vutharasi chettu, vutharasichettu
Cadaba glandulosa Forssk.
East and West Africa, Mali, Niger. Low shrub, erect, woody, leafy, viscid, many-branched, closely packed glandular-hispid round leaves, small inconspicuous yellow ligulate flowers, eaten by goats, sheep, camels, cattle and donkeys
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 68. 1775 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 35: 25-63. 1991
(Flavonol glycosides. Drink roots infusion for stomachache; stems and roots antiinflammatory; pounded leaves on wounds. Magic.)
in Arabic: taennaim
in Kenya: emakak
in Mali: hassu, tabeibaret, tahalist, tarbéret, téhanizt, teheist, teis, todi farssa, uadagoré
in Niger: doburu, taïs, teera
in Somalia: qalanqal
in Sudan: kurmut, sogheir
Cadaba indica Lam.
India.
See Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 67(5): 637- 638. 2005, Pharmacologyonline 3: 136-142. 2008
(Used in Sidha. Leaves antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal.)
in India: adamorinika, cavukuttiyanku, cegavice, cekodi, cekodisakada, chekodi, chekonisi, chemoorda, chikonadi, chimurudu, cimurudu, kattakatti, manatukkurntu, maragace, maragade, margadde, polumorinika, sagedapu, vilathi, vili, viluti, vishuthi, vizhudi
Cadaba natalensis Sond.
South Africa. Woody shrub, small scrambling tree, sepals mauve or purplish, pink nectary guide not clasping the androgynophore, long narrow cylindrical worm-like fruit, seeds embedded in a powdery reddish pulp
See Linnaea 23: 8. 1850
(Roots to induce vomiting, to treat chest pain. Magic, ritual.)
in English: green-leaved wormbush, Natal worm-bush
in South Africa: amaNgwe emnyama, amaNgwe-ezidlayo, groenblaarwurmbos, Natalwurmbos, umAnzimane, uNoqungwa, uPhaphane
Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk.
Arabia, Abyssinia.
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 68. 1775 and Veterinary and Human Toxicology 29(2): 133-137. 1987
(For bronchitis, inhalation from leaves, also juice from crushed leaves; chewed leaves on wounds. Plant poisoning, the clinical signs in goats fed with the plant were pronounced depression, diarrhea, frothing at the mouth, dyspnea, ataxia, loss of condition and recumbency. The lesions consisted of diffuse hemorrhage in the abomasum, heart and lungs, catarrhal enteritis, erosions on the intestinal mucous membrane, degeneration and/or necrosis of the cells of the renal tubules, and fatty change and necrosis in the liver. Veterinary medicine, leaves for diarrhea, dysentery.)
in Arabic: kadhab
in Ethiopia: adangali
in Kenya: epuu
Tropical Africa. Many-branched shrub, slender, straggling, scandent, flowers solitary or clustered, green sepals, red nectary guide clasping the androgynophore, long narrow cylindrical worm-like fruit, seeds embedded in a powdery reddish pulp
See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 26: t. 2527. 1897 and Z. Naturforsch. 57c, 216-220. 2002
(Caused death in murder trials.)
in English: grey-leaved wormbush, pink cadaba
in South Africa: vaalblaarwurmbos
Cadaba trifoliata Wight & Arn.
India.
See Cat. Ind. Pl. 7. 1833, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 24. 1834
(Used in Ayurveda. Boiled leaves vapors inhaled to relieve cough and cold.)
in India: balaya, chekonadi, chikondi, kodikaalu, kodikallu, kodikalu, mallaguru, manudukkurundu, nallagaara, nallagara, peddachikonadi, peddacikonadi, peddasivakonita, purana, purna, viluti
Caesulia Roxb. Asteraceae
Caesulia axillaris Roxb.
India. Ascending to prostrate herb with narrowly lanceolate leaves tapering at both the ends
(Plant poisonous for sheep. Whole plant juice given to cure amebic dysentery, indigestion and loss of appetite. Leaves kept in pulses as insecticide; leaf extract sprayed as pesticide. Oil from the seeds applied in rheumatic pains.)
in India: akshaphula, borasda, nichini
Caladium Vent. Araceae
Nicaragua to Argentina. Glabrous herb, underground stem, thin almost trasparent leaves, glabrous greenish-white spathe
(Acrid and caustic sap. Rootstalk emetic, emmenagogue and purgative; fresh plant cathartic and anthelmintic; dried pulverized leaves as a dusting powder for unclean wounds, for ulcers. Corms used for paralysis. Powdered rhizome used to relieve bodyache. Veterinary medicine, leaves in the nostrils of dogs to make them better hunters.)
in English: angel wing, caladium, elephant ear, elephant’s ear, fancy-leaved caladium, heart of Jesus, mother-in-law plant
in Peru: oreja de perro, sachapaico, tasha, ushu
in India: sam taupi
in Japan: karajiumu
in Philippines: corazon de Maria, corazon de Santa Maria, linsang pula
in Congo: eyeka la ngeie
in Yoruba: kooko obalufon, kooko oodua, kooko soponna
Venezuela, Brazil. Variable leaves
in English: fancy-leaved caladium
Calanthe R. Br. Orchidaceae
Calanthe monophylla Ridl.
Malaysia. Orchid
See J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4: 70. 1909
(Magic, the smell from the burning leaves to scare away ghosts.)
India, Himalaya, China. Small erect terrestrial herb, white or pale lilac flowers, oblong capsule
(Root made into a paste and applied on wounds and cuts.)
in China: che qian xia ji lan
India.
(Root extract for typhoid and jaundice.)
in China: san leng xia ji lan
in India: garur panja
Japan, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, India. Terrestrial, pale lilac flowers
(Plant juice relieves gastro-intestinal problems. Roots poultice to cure swollen hands; roots chewed to cure diarrhea. Flower extract taken as a pain killer.)
in English: scrub lily
in Japan: tsuru-ran
in Thailand: ueang kao tog
in Vanuatu: natapak
Calathea G. Meyer Marantaceae
Trop. America. Caulescent, shrub, in dense clumps, edible tuber-like storage organs, pseudostems with elongated leaves, simple leaf blades, long grooved petioles, well-developed ligule, irregular flowers yellowish green or white
(A tincture of the leaf used for cystitis; leaves diuretic.)
in English: Guinea arrowroot, sweet corn root, sweet corn tuber
in Caribbean: faldita morada, leren
Calceolaria L. Scrophulariaceae
Latin calceolus ‘a slipper’, referring to the flowers, slipper flowers; see C. Linnaeus, in Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar. 31: 286, t. VIII. Stockholm 1770.
Calceolaria stellariifolia Phil.
Chile.
See Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile. Primera Sección – Zoolojía 71. 1891
(Leaves infusion to warm the body.)
in Chile: zapatilla
Callianthemum C.A. Meyer Ranunculaceae
Callianthemum taipaicum W.T. Wang
China. Perennial herbs, rhizomatous, flowers bisexual, petals basally brown, sepals bluish purple
See Flora Tsinlingensis 1(2): 274, 604, f. 235. 1974
(Chinese herbal medicine.)
in China: tai bai mei hua cao
Callicarpa L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)
Mexico, Guatemala to Colombia. Shrub or small tree, corolla white, fragrant flowers in small branched axillary clusters, dark purple to black fruit
(Cold-water infusion of the crushed leaves for diarrhea, dysentery.)
North America, Cuba. Shrub, slender, small bluish lavender flowers in axillary clusters, purple violet fruits, fruit edible raw but insipid
(Root to treat skin cancer, essential oils antialgal and phytotoxic. Fruit astringent, causes puckering of the mouth a few minutes after eating a little.)
in English: American beauty-berry, beauty-berry, French mulberry
Himalaya, China, Bhutan, Cambodia, India. Tree, fast growing, densely tomentose, corky rough bark, twig broad and flat at the nodes, coriaceous leaves stellate-tomentose beneath, truncate calyx cup-shaped, pink purple corolla, stamens much longer than corolla, fruit purple-brown
10: 110. 1920, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 22. 1921, Pharmacologyonline 1: 1095-1103. 2009
in English: beauty berry
in China: mu zi zhu
in India: ab bhantal buti, arhi, arhi-araung, arni, balmal, bhantal buti sabz, bonmola, bormala, dieng lakhiot, ghiwala, gising, gunmola, hnahkiah, kachetong, kachettong, khet, khimbar, khoja, kojo, kumhar, mach kotta, mach peluka, maksi, mondol, moskhanchi, mukhuang, nkoang, subornni, yalu
Malayan names: ambong-ambong bukit, ambong puteh, kata kera, kata keran
in Nepal: bori, guren, maiphi, maaraa
China, Vietnam. Shrub, lilac flowers, violet fruits, often confused with Callicarpa giraldii
(Astringent.)
in English: Bodinier beauty berry
in China: zhen zhu feng, zi zhu
Southern China, SE Asia. An evergreen shrub or small tree, tomentose, glandular leaves very variable, calyx minutely 4-toothed glandular, corolla mauve or violet, stamens exserted, globose ovary glabrous glandular all over, drupe depressed globular almost succulent, fruits sometimes eaten raw
(Young leaves decoction drunk for abdominal troubles and amenorrhea. Leaves smoked to relieve asthma; used for poulticing wounds, applied as a plaster for gastralgia; leaves infusion emmenagogue. Leaves pounded and used as a fish poison. Shoots used in arrow poisons.)
in Cambodia: sroul kraham
in China: bai mao zi zhu
in India: verrilai-p-pattai
in Indonesia: apu-apu, meniran besar, meniran kebo, sesepo
in Japan: kuroshikibu
in Laos: dok pha nok
in Malaysia: tampang besi, tampang besi merah
in Philippines: anuyup, palis, tigau
in Vietnam: n[af]ng n[af]ng, pha t[oos]p, tr[uws]ng [ees]ch
Callicarpa caudata Maxim.
Philippines, Pacific. Evergreen shrub, stem and branches glandular, reddish-yellow glands, calyx glandular, corolla mauve, ovary glandular, glandular pink fruits, closely related to Callicarpa pilosissima Maxim.
See Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 31: 76. 1887
(Stem scraped and mixed with the rhizome of ginger and applied to large wounds. A decoction of fresh or dried leaves used as a cure for stomach troubles. Leaves applied to relieve earache.)
in Papua New Guinea: mamen
in Philippines: amgup, anayop, anayup, haraihai, haray-hai, kabatit
Japan, Vietnam. Perennial shrub, deciduous, many-branched, long slender arching branches, pinkish lavender berries
(Anti-amnesic and neuroprotective activities, remarkable cognitive-enhancing activity, alleviating certain memory impairment observed in Alzheimer’s disease.)
in English: Chinese beauty-berry, Japanese beautyberry, purple beauty berry
in China: bai tang zi zhu
in Japan: ko-murasaki
Vietnam. Edible berries
(Antimicrobial. Leaves mixed with coconut oil, applied to wounds, itches. Leaves as a fish poison.)
in Philippines: alinau, malasambong, palis, sulingasau, tambalabasi, tigau
China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines. Shrub, stem and branches densely stellate and dendritic hairy, chartaceous leaves variable, flowers bisexual in axillary cymes, calyx 4-toothed glandular, corolla purplish pink outside and white to pinkish inside, ovary globose glandular, globose purple drupes
(Leaves smoked for lung troubles, dyspnea. Crushed flower and leaf buds applied as a styptic to wounds. Root used as remedy for gonorrhea and as an emmenagogue, the whole plant to treat hepatitis. Fresh and crushed leaves used to stupefy fish, shrimp and eels. Insecticide.)
in English: Taiwan beauty berry
in China: du huong hua
in Philippines: anandhin, annoyop, anuyup, palis, talambasi, tigau, timbabasi, tuba, tubai-basi, tubang-dalag
in Vietnam: n[af]ng n[af]ng d[af]i loan
China. Shrub, yellow glands
(Pain-relieving, to treat rheumatic muscles and bones pains, traumatic injury, soft tissue injury, arthritis.)
in English: Girald beauty berry
in China: lao ya hu
China, Japan. Shrub, deciduous, branchlets and peduncles with extremely dense long branched hairs, opposite leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, small bisexual flowers in axillary cymes, corolla purple outside and white inside, white globose drupes, ripe fruit eaten
(Antioxidant.)
in English: white wild pear
in China: bai tang zi shu, pai t’ang tzu shu, pi pa ye zi zhu
India, SE Asia, Australia. An evergreen shrub or small tree, stem and branches densely stellate hairy, glandular leaves, calyx densely glandular, corolla rose white to purple, white or dark pink glandular fruit almost succulent, an extremely variable and polymorphic species
(Plant decoction as a postpartum remedy; young twigs decoction drunk for stomachache and diarrhea. Leaves decoction drunk in colic, diarrhea, after parturition and for fever; decoction gargled to treat toothache; leaves infusion drunk as a depurative after parturition. Leaves externally applied on wounds to an ulcerated mouth and to reduce fever, swellings and bruises; leaves juice for mouth infection in babies; leaf paste in coconut oil used locally for cuts, wounds and ulcers; leaves used for poulticing and for rubbing over the body in fever, and also applied to swellings; leaf paste of Callicarpa longifolia and Leea indica boiled in coconut oil and applied on severe cuts and wounds; pounded leaves an ingredient for a poultice to mature boils and ulcers. Roots infusion a remedy for syphilis and diarrhea; roots decoction drunk as a cure for fever, pneumonia, diarrhea and colic. Pounded leaves used to stupefy fish. Veterinary medicine, paste of stem bark applied on lesions of foot and mouth disease of cattle; leaf decoction given to pigs as antiemetic.)
in English: husked rice, long-leaf beauty berry, long-leaved callicarpa, white-berried Malayan lilac
in Borneo: sabar besi
in China: chang ye zi zhu, jian wei feng
in India: dhusre, dieng sohkailang, kin-vi-taong, kin-vi-ti, kin vitai, kinvitaong, rai
in Indonesia: dama besoi, katumpang, meniran sapi, meniran utan
in Malaysia: beti-beti, bute baa, karat besi, kuping besi, nasinasi, tampang besi, tampang besi puteh, tampoe besike, tampong besi, tulang besi
in Papua New Guinea: topapimanua, vuti mata
in Vietnam: t[uwr] ch[aa]u tr[aws]ng, t[uwr] ch[aa]u l[as] d[af]i
Thailand, China.
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Inner bark ground into a paste and applied on cuts and wounds as a hemostatic. Leaves antirheumatic, stomachic, warmed and applied. Fruit paste, or wood paste, used in the treatment of boils and blisters on the tongue. Fruits chewed to treat sores of the tongue and mouth. Seeds and roots stomachic; roots antirheumatic, stomachic.)
in English: big-leaf beauty berry
in China: da ye zi zhu
in India: anganaapriya, anganapriya, bhirmoli, bonmala, chimpompil, chinpompil, chokkala, cimpompil, dahiya, daia, daiya, daya, dayya, gandhaphali, gandhphali, gandhpriyangu, ghiwala, gnazhal, habb-ul-mihlb, huahkhar, kaantaa, kaantaahvaa, kanta, khap, mathara, mondol-panamana, nalal, nalalu, njaazhalpoovu, phalin, phalini, phool pirangu, priyaka, priyamgu, priyangu, priyangu beej, priyangu phool, priyangu puspha, priyanguka, priyangukaa, shyamaa, socu, syama, tong loti, vanita, vanitaa
in Nepal: dahigun, mala buru, tichangsa
in Tibet: ga ndha pri yam ku, gandha pri ya nku, gandha priya nku, pri-yam-ku, pri yan, pri-yan-ku
Callicarpa maingayi King & Gamble
Thailand. Tree, small trees, angled hairy twigs, leaves pale silvery hairy below, regular pale lilac flowers in cymes, red drupes
See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1908: 106. 1908
(Bark used as a substitute for betel.)
in Malaysia: tampang besi
India, China, Pen. Malaysia. Shrubs or small trees
(Disinfectant, antiseptic, dried leaves to treat suppurative skin infections and burns. Cytotoxic, antiviral activities against respiratory syncytial virus, RSV.)
in English: naked-flower beauty berry
in China: luo hua zi zhu
Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea. An evergreen shrub or small tree, stem and branches densely tomentose, leaves glandular, densely glandular calyx minutely 4-toothed, corolla purple or mauve, stamens exserted, pale mauve or violet-purple glandular fruits
in Indonesia: memeniran, meniran, ringan-ringan
Thailand, Malesia. Small tree
(Used for vertigo; ground bark used for swellings.)
Malay name: membatu puteh
Callicarpa rubella Lindl.
Himalaya. Shrub, erect, inflorescence axillary, flowers pink, fruits purple-violet, tender shoots cooked as vegetable
See Bot. Reg. 11: t. 883. 1825
(Bark to treat tumors of the large intestine. Leaf extract applied on injuries to stop bleeding.)
in China: hong zi zhu
in India: dieng lakhangwet, dieng lakso miaw, jalang kwai, mondol, nin rasu, soh eitksar, wazanu jaba
SE Asia, India. Small tree, fruits eaten raw
in English: great woolly Malayan lilac
in Bangladesh: taramah
in India: aarathi soppu, aardir, aardri, ardri, arthigidu, arti, ayamsar, bastra, bodiga chettu, cheruthekku, dodda naathada gida, doddanaathada gida, ibanne, ibbani, ibbanne, insara, isvar, kaarivaati, karavati, katkomal, kattukkumil, mashandari, naikumbil, nallapompil, nallarappalu, picenkala, pichenkala, pichenkale, pondee, pondi, puru, rishipathri, ruchi katthi, ruchipatri, rucipatri, seembakkulthu, temperuvallam, teregam, thinperivelum, timperuvellam, tomdikharvamti, tondatti, tondi, tondi-teregam, tonditeragam, tonditterakam, tonti, tontitterakam, uennattekka, umathekka, umathekku, urnnatekka, vettilai-pattai, vettilaipattai, vettilaippattai, yarphu-changne, yibbani
in Malaya: derdap dapur, tumah dapur
Calligonum L. Polygonaceae
Calligonum azel Maire
Sahara, Tunisia. Shrub, many-branched, small white flowers
See Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 1932, xxiii. 211. 1932, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 97. 1974
(Antifungal, for eczema, itch.)
in Sahara: annag
Egypt, North Africa. Tall woody shrub, perennial, psammophil, many-branched from the base, stiff branches, small tepals, conspicuous red anthers, fruit a single circular hairy carpel, fresh flowers eaten, camels eat the filaments and the roots
(Antifungal, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, cytotoxic and antioxidant, for stomach ailments; roots decoction for gum sores; for eczema, itch, young shoots and leaves powdered used externally as an ointment; stems and leaves chewed for curing toothache. Veterinary medicine, to treat scabies in dromedaries.)
in English: orta tree
in Arabic: abal, arach, aresu, âresû, arta, ârta, arta’a, awarach, âwarâs, larta, orta, orti, ouarach
in Sahara: warash
China, Turkestan.
(Antioxidant, from the dried aerial parts. Plant poultice an antidote against poisonous harmful plants and heavy doses of opium.)
in China: dan zhi sha guai zao
Calligonum polygonoides L.
India. Evergreen xerophytic shrub, red roots, small succulent fruits, tender green phyllodes fodder for camels
(Used in Ayurveda. Plant decoction antifungal, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, a gargle for sore gums. Flower buds effective in treating sun stroke.)
in English: desert locust, orta tree
in India: phog, phoga, phogaro, phoglo, phogro, sphurjaka
Callilepis DC. Asteraceae
South Africa. Perennial herb, tufted, large woody tuberous rootstock, simple or branched from the base, ray florets pure white, dark purple disc-florets tubular
in English: ox-eye daisy, pine thistle
in Southern Africa: amafuthomhlaba, ihlamvu, impila, imPila, mila, wildemargriet
Callilepis leptophylla Harv.
South Africa. Erect, slender herb, terminal flower-head usually solitary
See Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 22(6): 641-649. 2000
(Veterinary medicine, roots ground to a paste for killing maggots in cattle.)
in English: velvet sweetberry
in South Africa: bergbitterbossie, imphila, imphilane, impila
Callirhoe Nutt. Malvaceae
After Kallirhoe or Callirrhoe ‘fair flow, beautiful flowing’, one of the Oceanids, in the Greek mythology the daughter of the river god Achelous and wife of Alcmaeon, see Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2(1): 181-182. 1822.
North America. Perennial herb
See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 226. 1838, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 16, adnot. 1849
(Root decoction taken for colic, abdominal pain.)
in English: purple poppy mallow
Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. involucrata ( Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray f. novomexicana (Baker f.) Waterf.; Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. novomexicana Baker f.)
North America. Perennial herb
(Analgesic root decoction taken for colic, abdominal pain.)
in English: purple poppy mallow, purple poppymallow
Callitropsis Oerst. Cupressaceae
Mexico, Guatemala. Evergreen, fast-growing, straight trunk, bark red-brown
(Diuretic.)
in English: Mexican cypress, Portuguese cypress
in East Africa: mtarakwa (Chagga), muturakawa (Kikuyu), omobakora (Kisii)
North America.
(Analgesic, for cold, cough.)
Calluna Salib. Ericaceae
Greek kallunein, kallyno ‘to sweep, adorn, cleanse’, the branches are used as brooms; see R.A. Salisbury, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 6: 317, in obs. 1802.
Europe.
(Antioxidant.)
in English: common heather, heather, Scotch heather, Scottish heather, white heather
Caloncoba Gilg Flacourtiaceae
West Tropical Africa. Tree, seeds eaten
(Bark pain-killer, inner bark and leaves for headache. Seed oil for subcutaneous parasitic infection, skin diseases, crawcraw and scrofula.)
in Ivory Coast: butue, dolié, dule
in Liberia: kene kene, kênê kênê, klehn
in Sierra Leone: gene, kene, kenne, kenye
Tropical Africa. Shrub or small tree, perennial, erect, wood very hard, stiff wavy leaves, small white flowers with yellow center, yellow spiny ripe fruits, fruit pulp edible, seeds sweet and oily
(Fruits and leaves for sores, skin eruptions and inflammation. Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, pustular eruptions, malaria and skin infections, toothache. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles. Seeds insecticide, arachnicide, pounded seeds against lice and mange.)
in English: elephant’s comb
in Cameroon: gorli
in Ghana: esono ankyi, gbogble, marhebomuane, obafufu, okyere, orbafufu, wanka
in Guinea: kuêuéui
in Ivory Coast: gbétélibé, katupo
in Liberia: dooh, flanchu
in Nigeria: gorli, kakandika, otiemme, udara-nwewe
in Sierra Leone: fen-kone, goli, gorli, kẻ-nanafira, komehumda, kulukenyo, kumin-kanya, kumin-kone, nikawumbi, nyanyando
in Paraguay: chamulgra
Sierra Leone. Shrub or small tree, straggling, thorny, arching branches, fragrant white flowers
See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 5(12): 1164-1166. 1905, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40(3): 460-461. 1908
(Antidote to poison, purgative.)
in Ghana: asratoa, aweawu, efiohle, gbogble, kotowiri, nwoantia, okyere, sissiru
in Ivory Coast: kauanunguessé
in Nigeria: iroko-ojo
in Sierra Leone: gene, kenye, kokwi, singo
in Togo: efiohle
Nigeria. Small tree, edible orange-yellow spiny fruits, shining black seeds with a red aril
(Hydrocyanic acid in the leaves, bark and roots. Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, yaws, pustular eruptions, venereal diseases, malaria and skin infections, toothache. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles; leaf sap pain killer. Seeds insecticide, rodenticide, arachnicide; leaf decoction to kill fleas. Bark root astringent; root decoction drunk and root ash rubbed on areas of edema. Magic, ritual, leaf sap to keep the spirits of the dead away.)
in Ghana: asratoa
in Ivory Coast: boua, dédébroguissé
in Nigeria: gorli, kakandika, kankan dika, kánkán dìká, ntuebi, oru kpakokwa, otiemme, otienme, otiosa, pomuseghe, udalā ènwè, udallaenwe, udara-nwewe
in Sierra Leone: bewo, boku, fulo, fulo-kpokpo, hengwa, maiyungbe, ngaingainge, sime, toya-hina, xaienyi
Tropical Africa. Tree, white flowers, fruit eaten by monkeys
(Bark decoction febrifuge, to dress sores. Powdered root sedative, astringent, made into snuff for head colds, nasopharyngeal affections and headache.)
in Central African Republic: mwangalé, mwangali
Tropical Africa. Small tree or shrub, white flowers
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 463. 1908, Adansonia sér. 3, 19: 260. 1997
(Bark vermifuge.)
in Congo: n’sendesende, osendesende
Tropical Africa. Small tree, scented white flowers, prickly fruits, elephants eat leaves, monkeys and elephants eat fruit
See Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 117. 1868 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 462. 1908
(Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, skin infections. Leaves for dropsy, edema, swellings, gout; leaf sap pain killer. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles. Seeds insecticide, repellent, arachnicide. Hydrocyanic acid the in leaves, bark and roots. Dried powdered seeds poisonous.)
in Central African Republic: esoko, gbegolo, isoko
in Congo: nteela
in Gabon: ditouk di kari, niam ‘n ‘gom
in Tanzania: muwabo
Calotropis R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)
Nepal, India and Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Tanzania, Kenya. Tall shrub or small tree, stout, erect, suffrutescent, succulent, woody stem, milky sap, blue-gray purple or red-flowered, corona with 5 narrow fleshy scales, ovoid boat-shaped inflated recurved turgid follicles mostly in pairs, silky hairy seeds
in English: asclepiad tree, bowstring-hemp, crown flower, crown plant, giant Indian milkweed, giant milkweed, giant milky weed, gigantic swallow wort, madar, madar flower, milkweed, mudar
in East Africa: mpumbula
in China: niu jiao gua
in India: aak, aakdo, aank, aarka, ab shir madar, aditya, aekka, aekka maale, aekki gida, ag, aharbandhava, aharmani, aharpati, ahauna, ahgaram, ak, aka, akado, akan, akanak, akanda, akaona, akarai, akari, akahua, akda, akda cha jhada, akda nu jhada, akdachajhada, akdamu-jhada, akdo, ake, akh, akh ke phool, akom, akom aring, akon, akona, akond, akond mul, akondo, akra, akro, akuan, alacikacceti, alacikam, alagar, alakam, alal, alark, alarka, alarkah, alarpal, amarkkam, ancolam, angkot, ank, arak arak mara, arakh, arakha, arakho gatch, arakkam, arakkanceti, arakkaparani, ariccunam, ark, arka, arka-gida, arka vrikshaha, arkagatch, arkah (= sun), arkamu, arkavrikshaha, arkkam, arkku, arkopathra, aruccanam, aruccunam, aruccunanceti, aruchunam, arukkam, arukkan, arukku, arulagam, arulakam, aryama, ashur, asphotaka, atittiyam, attaticai, attaticam, attiaticaicceti, aush shar, aushar, badabadam, belerica, belericu, bhanu, bhaskara, bij-elosha, bikkortono, bili ekkada gida, buggejilor, buka, bukam, burg akh taza, byclospa, caikattilam, calaippota, campalam, cantamani, cantamanicceti, cantamappam, cantamayam, catakacuriyan, catakam, catalacceti, catalam, catam, catanapam, cataparikacceti, cataparikam, catapatalam, catapatam, catappan, cataputacceti, cataputam, cataputpam, cataputpi, cayitakam, ciraccatam, cirapiraneci, citaputpakam, civavallapam, cukalavi, cukapala, cukapalai, cukapalam, curam, curi, curiyanam, curiyanvintu, curiyapputu, cuvetakucumam, cuvetakucumoppi, dhavi rui, dholaakdo, diensam, dinesam, divakar, ekayitcakam, ekka, ekkai, ekkamale, ekke, ekkemale, ela wara, eri, ericu, erikalan, erikka, erikku, erukka, erukkalai, erukkam, erukkam ver, erukkampal, erukkan, erukkanceti, erukkila pacha, erukkin veru, erukku, eruku, ganarupa, gul madar, gule akh taza, gurt-akand, haridashva, hela wara, himarati, irumpunirricceti, irupunirri, itcika, jambhala, jilledu, jilledu-chettu, jilleru, jillidi, kadrati, kanaripam, kanatipam, kantali, karagh, karak, karccakkinam, kari aekkada gida, karnam, katiccavaytutaiccan, katiravan, katterumai, katterumaikkalli, kattila, kharak, kharjjughna, khark, khok, kirtanuphala, kokarunai, kokaruni, kotuki, kshiradala, kshirakandaka, kshiranga, kshiraparni, kutiketan, lal-akara, lal madar, lal-rui, lalak, lalakava, lalmadar, lalrui, lippacitacceti, lippacitam, madar, madar aak, makam, makkam, makkika, makkikacceti, malaipparutimaram, manakkovi, mandaara, mandaaramu, mandara, mandaramu, mandarasu, manotayam, mantaracu, mantaracucceti, mantaram, marttantacceti, marttantam, marttantan, marufu, mayo bin, mhatari, mir-dukathe, mirugusayi-dagam, mirugusayidagam, mirukacayitakam, mirukucayittakam, moto aak, moto akdo, muda, mudar, mudhar, mutitamaram, naccilaikkurikacceti, nalla jelledu, nallajilledu, natakinkanam, nattam, nattappalai, nattappila, nattappiraki, nattappirakicceti, nella-jilledu, nellajeleroo, nellajilledo, nilavukay, nilavukaycceti, nilledu, nohanoakdo, nubam, numsubamoli, numsubatong, numsungbatong, nupakacceti, nupakam, nupam, nuttam, orko, oschor, oshmor, oshor, pachajilledu, pacupataki, pacupatakicceti, pacupatasai, pacupatatai, pakavanati, palaikkaraviki, palati, palti, pamotayam, patladudha, phunder, pogojirol, prabhakara, pratapa, pratapasa, puchhi, pumikuruvakam, putanivaranicceti, raachajilledu, racajilledu, racha-jilledu, rachajilledu, rato-akdo, ratsajilledu, ravi, rhui, roghan gul akh, rui, rupika, ruvi, sadabadam, sadabudam, sadapushpa, sadapuspi, sadapyshpa, sadasuma, safed aak, safed aakdo, safed-ak, safedakra, safed akvan, safed datura, safed ok, safedak, saptashva, savita, sevverukku, shir madar, shitapushpaka, shiy-aak, shri madar, shukaphala, shweta arka, siyam, spalmai, sukaphala, sunu, suriyam, surya pattra, suryapattra, suryavgha, suvedagusuman, svaytaurkum, swet-akonda, swet-aurkum, tanalam, tanali, tanalicceti, tapana, tarani, tella-jilledu, tella jilledu, tellajilledoo, tellajilledu, tevanati, thellajilledu, tirkkaputpam, tirkkaputpi, titamai, tittai, tulapalam, tulaphala, tuntakkini, tutaiccavam, tutaiccavay, tutaiccuvacceti, udumbaram, ulurka, urkkovi, uruk, urukku, ushar, ushnarashmi, uste, utumparakacceti, utumparakam, utumparam, vacciram, vacciramuli, vantumuli, vara, vara gaha, varkkam, vasuka, vellaarike, vellaiyerukku, vellerikku, vellerukkam poo, vellerukku, vetanatam, vibhakara, vibhavasu, vicaram, viccai, viccananta, viccanta, viccaranti, viccaranticceti, vicittirakam, vikiram, vikorana, vikshira, vikuri, vikuricceti, viruntam, virutam, vittirakam, vivasvana, vivaswana, vungdamdawi, wara, yakkeda gida, yekka, yekkada, yekkadagida, yekkadagida, yekkadaguda, yekkamali, yekkamalle, yekke, yekkemale, yercum, yerica, yerika, yerikan, yerikkan, yerkum, yerrikku, yerriku, yerukku, yokada
in Indonesia: bidhuri, rubik, sidaguri
in Laos: dok hak, dok kap, kok may
Malayan names: berduri, kemengu, lembegah, merigu, rembega, remiga, remigu
in Myanmar: maioh, mayo, mayo-beng, mayo-bin, mayo-mayo-pin, mayo-pin, mayoe-gyi
in Nepal: aank, akanda, auk, madar, yak
in the Philippines: kapal-kapal, mudar
in Thailand: po thuean, paan thuean, rak
in Tibetan: a rga, a-rka, shri-khanda
in Vietnam: bong bong, b[oof]ng b[oof]ng, coc may, la hen, l[as] hen, nam ti ba, nam t[if] b[af]
India, Sudan, Egypt, Madagascar East Africa. Shrub or small tree, erect, compact, glaucous, soft woody stems many-branched at the base, covered with cottony tomentum, milky white sap, smooth coriaceous roundish leaves, white-flowered, corolla greenish-white outside, petals maroon-violet tipped inside, smooth turgid green recurved kidney-shaped follicles often in pairs, tufted seeds airborne, scented
in English: apple of Sodom, cotton leaf, Dead Sea apple, Dead Sea fruit, English cotton, French cotton, giant milk-weed, milkweed, mudar plant, Sodom apple, swallow wort
in Arabic: achur, ashkar, baranbakh, eshar, esshero, kerenka, koruga, korunka, krenka, ngeyi, ochar, ‘oshar, oshar, oshur, rhalga, torcha, tourza, turdja, turja, turjé, ushar
in China: bai hua niu jiao gua
in India: aak, aakdo, aakra, aakro, adityapushpika, ag, ak, akada phool, akado, akan, akand, akanda, akaro, akaua, akauvya, akda cha jhada, akda nu jhada, akdo, akh, akha, akhra, akond, akondo, akra, alarka, alarkah, angot, ankado, ankda, ankota, arakh, arakha, arka, arka vrikshaha, arkah, arkaparna, arkavrikshaha, asphota, aush shar, aushar, bhanu, bili aekka, bili aekkada gida, bili yekkada gida, bimbora, dirghpushpa, dudla, erikku, erra jilledu, erukka, erukkam, erukku, ganarupaka, jilledu, jilledu-chettu, kashthila, kempu akkadagida, kempu ekka, kharak, khark, kkarak, ksiraparna, madar, manar, mandaaramu, mandara, mandaramu, mayo bin, mhatari, mir-hu-chau, mudar, nallajilledu, nano akdo, palati akwan, pashkand, path akhwan, pratapa, rajarka, rakta arka, raktarka, ravi, rui, rupika, sadapushpa, sadapushpi, safed ak, safedak, shakar al lighal, shambhu, sharkarapushpa, shitakarka, shuklaphala, shveta, shvetarka, sishakanda, spalmak, spalwakka, spulmei, tapana, tulaphala, uruko, ushar, vara, vara gaha, vasuka, vedha, vellai erukkan, vellai erukku, vellerku, vellerukku, vikirana, vrittamallika, yakkeda gida, yerra jilledu
in Laos: dok hak, dok kap, kok may
Malayan names: lembega, rembega
in Nepal: aank
in Pakistan: ak, arrigh, karak, kark
in Tibet: a rga i rtsa ba, a rgai rtsa ba
in Vietnam: bong-bong, b[oof]ng b[oof]ng, bong qui, l[as] nh[or]
in East Africa: ararat, bohr, etethero, kihuta, mpamba mwitu, mpumbula, mufuthu, okwotpu; etetheru (Turkana), labechi (Samburu), muvuthu (Kamba)
in Gambia: bawane, faftan, kupampan
in Ghana: a-gbo-loba, owula kofi ba, polipoli, unablapong, wolaporhu, wolapugo, wutsoe-wutsoe
in Guinea: mpompomogolo, nguyo
in Ivory Coast: furo fogo, ganganpi, niapi djara, nopiada, togo fogo, tumo tigi
in Kenya: etesuro
in Mali: bamanbé, bandambi, bauane, bawane, komitigi, korunka, krunka, mpompomogolo, ngoyo, nguyo, nyeyi, pobu, pomponpogolo, tezera, tirza, tomitigi, toreha, torha, toucha, tourha, tourjé, turdja, turia, tursha
in Mauritania: achur, kerenka, korunka, taurja, tourjé, turdja, turja, turjé
in Niger: bamanbé, bandambi, bauane, eshar, esshero, kayio, koruga, kulunhun, lifini, ochar, oshar, rhalga, tezera, tirza, toreha, torha, toucha, tourha, tourjé, tumfafia, tursha
in Nigeria: babambi, bambambele, bambambi, bambami, bembambi, bomubomu, kayou, kupa, papawea, pwom pwomohi, tumfafiya, tumpaapahi, ushar
in Sahara: turge
in Senegal: achur, babadi, bamabi, bamanbé, bamanbi-bauwami, bandambi, bauane, bawam bawam, bawoam, bodafor, bombardeira, bomborderu, borderu, bupumba pumb, faftan, fafton, kerenka, korunka, kupapa, mbadafot, mbontal, paftan, tulumpa, turdja, turjé, ushar
in Sierra Leone: puu-vande
in Sudan: oshar
in Tanzania: mpamba mwitu
in Togo: inawokodu, kudjohe, tambutiji, tschofu, tshawou
in Upper Volta: diawara, furo fogo, ganganpi, hurègo, niapi djara, potu, putrempugu, putru pouga, puwo, tomfania, tomo n’déké, tumo tigi
Calpocalyx Harms Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae, Mimosoideae)
Calpocalyx aubrevillei Pellegr.
Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast. Perennial non-climbing tree, seeds edible after cooking, sometimes confused with Calpocalyx brevibracteatus
See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80: 467. 1933
(Pounded seeds mixed with palm oil made into a paste applied to treat women’s breasts troubles.)
Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Harms
Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone to Cameroon. Perennial non-climbing tree, hollow branches, papery leaves, pinkish to orange flowers, inflorescence axillary or terminal, strongly flattened woody dehiscent pod, seeds edible after cooking
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(Mém. 8d): 155. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912]
(Crushed bark applied to treat sores, a mouthwash; inner bark used as stomachic.)
in Ghana: kotoprepre, samanta, tre-tre
in Ivory Coast: pétépré
in Liberia: kpu-ah
Nigeria, Cameroon. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, yellow-cream flowers, sometimes confused with Calpocalyx klainei Pierre ex Harms
(Powdered bark applied to wounds.)
in Gabon: mississe
Calpocalyx heitzii Pellegrin
Tropical Africa, Gabon. Perennial non-climbing tree, canopy tree, inflorescence an axillary pendent spike, dehiscent pods
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 84: 643. 1938 [1937 publ. 1938]
(Antiseptic, for skin diseases, venereal diseases.)
in Cameroon: amia, bebamme, bon, endoa, motoudon, miama, ékang, minsi
in Central Africa: mississé
in Gabon: koumaouma, mbôngo, miama, moamba
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Perennial non-climbing tree
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(Mém. 8d): 156. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912]
(Powdered bark used as an anodyne.)
in Cameroon: amia, bebamme, bon, endoa, miama, motoudon
in Central Africa: mississé
in Gabon: miama
Caltha L. Ranunculaceae
Caltha alba Cambess.
India, Kashmir.
See Species Plantarum 1: 558. 1753, The Flora of British India 40. 1855
(Whole plant made into a paste applied locally in rheumatism. Roots decoction for high fever. Leaves extract applied to the shoulders and neck for muscular pain. A source of ganja.)
in India: traker
North America. Herb, perennial, erect, fleshy, white bluish flowers, erect clusters of follicles
(Whole plant toxic, poisonous, strongly irritant; antispasmodic and expectorant, applied to wounds, warts.)
in English: mountain marsh-marigold, western marsh marigold, white marshmarigold
North America, India, China. Herb, perennial, erect or sprawling, sepals yellow or orange, red seeds
(Whole plant toxic only if large quantities eaten, poisonous, acrid, strongly irritant, sap can irritate sensitive skin, raw root or leaves should not be eaten. Roots anodyne, acrid, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, emetic, astringent, laxative, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient, to treat colds, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, warts, sores, itching, constipation, headache, diarrhea, anemia. Magic, a protection against love charms. Veterinary medicine, powdered leaves used to keep maggots out of cattle wounds.)
in English: american cowslip, buttercup, colt’s foot, cow-flock, cowslip, ground ivy, king’s-cup, kingcup, kingcups, mare-blebs, mare-blobs, marsh-marigold, May blob, may-blob, meadow bright, meadow bouts, palsywort, water-blobs, water bouts, water dragon, yellow marsh marigold
in North America: populage des marais, soucis d’eau
in China: lu ti cao, ma ti ye
in India: baringun, mamiri, maniru, traker
Caltha palustris L. var. alba (Cambess.) Hook. f. & Thomson ( Caltha alba Cambess.; Caltha alba Jacquem.)
India. Perennial herbs, rootstock thick, reniform cordate leaves
See Species Plantarum 1: 558. 1753, The Flora of British India 40. 1855
(Whole plant made into a paste applied locally in rheumatism. Roots decoction for high fever. Leaves extract applied to the shoulders and neck for muscular pain.)
in India: traker
North America, India, China. Perennial herb, erect or sprawling, sepals yellow or orange
(Whole plant toxic, poisonous, acrid, strongly irritant, sap can irritate sensitive skin, raw root or leaves should not be eaten.)
in English: american cowslip, buttercup, colt’s foot, cow-flock, cowslip, ground ivy, king’s-cup, kingcup, kingcups, mare-blebs, mare-blobs, marsh-marigold, May blob, may-blob, meadow bright, meadow bouts, palsywort, water-blobs, water bouts, water dragon, yellow marsh marigold
in North America: populage des marais, soucis d’eau
Calvoa Hook. f. Melastomataceae
See Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 732, 755. 1867.
Tropical Africa. Herb or shrub, subshrub, succulent, pink-purple corolla
(Roots poison antidote, tonic, diuretic.)
Calycobolus Willd. ex J.A. Schultes Convolvulaceae
Gabon, Cameroon. Liane, woody vine, climbing, white corolla, calyx green and purple
(Aphrodisiac, febrifuge.)
Calylophus Spach Onagraceae
North America. Perennial subshrub, herb
(Hemostat, for internal bleeding.)
in English: Hartweg’s sundrops
Calylophus hartwegii (Benth.) P.H. Raven subsp. fendleri (A. Gray) Towner & P.H. Raven ( Galpinsia hartwegii var. fendleri (A. Gray) Small; Oenothera fendleri A. Gray; Oenothera hartwegii subsp. fendleri (A. Gray) W.L. Wagner & Hoch; Oenothera hartwegii Benth. var. fendleri (A. Gray) A. Gray)
North America. Perennial subshrub, herb
(Hemostat, for internal bleeding.)
in English: Hartweg’s sundrops
Calypso Salisb. Orchidaceae
In honor of the nymph Calypso or Kalypso, daughter of Atlas and Queen of Ogygia, where Odysseus was shipwrecked, referring to the rarity or to the habitat of this orchid.
Subarctic & Temp. northern Hemisphere. Perennial herb, erect, tuber geophyte, single sweet-scented nodding magenta flower, bulb eaten raw or cooked
(Antispasmodic, anticonvulsive. Magic, charm.)
in English: fairy slipper, fairyslipper orchid
Calyptranthes Sw. Myrtaceae
Tropical America, West Indies. Tree or shrub, petals absent, 1-2 seeded red purple-black fruits
(For skin diseases, stomachic, astringent.)
in English: myrtle-of-the-river
Calystegia R. Br. Convolvulaceae
Norfolk Island. Creeper, twining
See Prodromus Florae Norfolkicae 51. 1833 and Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 28(4): 711. 1903 (publ. 1904)
(For treating chickenpox.)
in Samoa: lautafifi
North America. Perennial vine, herb
(Roots decoction taken for gonorrhea.)
in English: Paiute false bindweed
Calystegia occidentalis (A. Gray) Brummitt subsp. fulcrata (A. Gray) Brummitt ( Calystegia fulcrata (A. Gray) Brummitt; Convolvulus fulcratus (A. Gray) Greene; Convolvulus luteolus A. Gray var. fulcratus A. Gray; Convolvulus luteolus (Jacq.) Spreng. var. fulcratus A. Gray)
North America. Perennial vine, herb
(Aphrodisiac.)
in English: chaparral false bindweed
Cosmopolitan. Perennial vine, climber, creeping, twining, trailing, flexible, fleshy creeping rhizome, white funnel-shaped flowers, globose capsule, noxious weed, see also Convolvulus sepium
(Root demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, strongly purgative, potentially dangerous.)
in English: bear bind, bindweed, bracted bindweed, devil’s guts, devil’s vine, great bindweed, greater bindweed, hedge bindweed, hedge false bindweed, hedge glory bind, hedge-lily, hedge morning-glory, hedgebell, large bindweed, lily-bind, milk convolvulus, old man’s cap, Rutland beauty, wild morning-glory
Maori names: pohue, pohuhe
in China: hsuan hua, ou xuan hua
in South Americva: campanillas de lomas
SE Asia, China. Found growing on sandy seashores
in English: sea bindweed
in China: shen ye da wan hua
in Japan: hama-hiru-gao
(The juice which oozes from the stalks and root hardens into a type of resin and is used as a purge.)
Cameraria L. Apocynaceae
Tropical America. Tree, deciduous, monoecious, white latex, short stout trunk, stout branches, small dark green leaves, white flowers in terminal few flowered corymbose cymes
(Poisonous, blistering milky juice, irritant and toxic, burning and severe inflammation of the skin from contact with the sap.)
in English: bastard manchineel, savanna poison wood, savanna white poison wood, white poison wood
in China: ya dan hua
in Central America: bois lait, bwa lèt, chechém de caballo, chechén, chechén de caballo, maboa, laitier
Campanula L. Campanulaceae
North America. Erect, herbaceous, hollow, slightly winged, milky sap, thick roots, corolla blue-purple, axillary flowers in upper portion of stems, flowers subtended by 3 foliaceous bracts, stigma purple slightly curved at apex
(For pulmonary ailments, cough, tuberculosis.)
in English: American bellflower, tall bellflower
North America. Perennial herb, tangling, weak, short hooking bristles, pale blue to white flowers solitary nodding long-stalked funnel-shaped
(Emetic, pectoral. Stem decoction taken to induce childbirth.)
in English: bedstraw flower, eastern marsh bellflower, marsh bellflower, marsh harebell, small vine
North America. Perennial herb, erect, slender, very numerous drooping flowers in compound panicles, corolla light blue, style long exserted
See Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 109. 1803, Castanea 20: 60. 1955
(Antidiarrheal, root infusion.)
in English: Appalachian bellflower, small bonny, small bonny bellflower, southern bellflower, southern bluebell, southern harebell
Italy.
See Giorn. Fis. II. vii. 44, 98. 1824, Gard. Chron., III, 26: 96, 126. 1899
(Dermatitis, skin eruptions due to local irritants.)
Europe, Himalaya. Perennial herb, clump-forming, light blue flower
(Flowers emetic.)
in English: bellflower, giant bellflower, great bellflower, large campanula, wide-leaved bellflower
Europe, Belgium. Evergreen herb
(Dermatitis, contact sensitivity, skin eruptions due to local irritants. For throat problems.)
in English: Canterbury bells
India, Himalaya.
(Stem decoction taken by women to induce childbirth.)
North America. Perennial, single purple erect flower
(Root antiphlogistic, applied to bruises, skin ailments. Plant taken for women’s problems; dried plant to treat sores.)
in English: blue flower, harebell, Idaho bellflower, Parry’s bellflower
Europe. Perennial
(Antiinflammatory, to treat inflammatory diseases and/or wounds, also a cure for hydrophobia.)
in English: creeping bellflower, German rampion
Argentina, Europe. Perennial herb, erect, stiff, variable leaves, flowers reddish purplish, leaf rosettes and fleshy roots eaten
(Astringent, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, alterative, lactagogue, vulnerary, for warts.)
in English: rampion, rampion bellflower
North America, Europe. Perennial herb, taprooted, erect, round basal leaves, deep purplish blue nodding flowers in racemes, sepals spreading, deer resistant
(Antifungal, anti-depressant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiviral, sedative, disinfectant. Root chewed for heart and lung problems, an infusion used as ear drops. Magic, ceremonial, associated with fairies and witches, the juice was an element in some of the witches ‘flying ointments’, rubbed on the body of those bothered by witches.)
in English: aul man’s bells, bellflower, blaewort, blaver, blue blavers, bluebell, bluebell of Scotland, cuckoo’s hood, cuckoo’s thimbles, dead man’s bells, dead men’s bells, devil’s bells, fairies’ thimbles, harebell, lady’s thimble, milk-ort, thimbles, old man’s bells, Scotch bellflower, Scottish blue-bell, witch bells, witch’s thimbles
Northern hemisphere, North America. Perennial herb, taprooted, erect or decumbent, small blue solitary flowers slightly nodding at anthesis, narrow sepals and five fused bell-shaped campanulate petals
(Ceremonial, ritual.)
in English: alpine bluebell, arctic bellflower
Campanumoea Blume Campanulaceae
Himalaya, Japan. Perennial climber, herbaceous vine, flowers light yellowish-green
(Roots diuretic, expectorant, lactogenic, stomachic, used for anemia, jaundice, dyspepsia, diarrhea, nephritis, hemorrhoids, edema and diseases of the lymphatic system.)
Campnosperma Thwaites Anacardiaceae
India, Indonesia. Trees, flat-topped crown, inner bark reddish, spiral arrangements of the leaves, unisexual flowers, reddish-purple drupe
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 41. 1876
(Wood sap may cause dermatitis, sap from the wood can be harmful to people. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.)
in English: terentang-oil
in Borneo: hamtangen, manlanga, tapau
in Indonesia: madang rimuëng
in Malaysia: serantang, serentang, telatang, telatang pelanuk, terentang, terentang daun besar
Indonesia, Pacific.
(Oil, mixed with soot, an application to the body in order to give protection from lice and fleas. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.)
in English: tigaso-oil
See Malayan Miscellanies 2(7): 65. 1822 and Fl. Males. Bull. 1(3): 74. 1948
(The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.)
in Borneo: terentang paya, terenteng
in Malaysia: ambacang rawang, cedrol, hotong otan, huasum, kaauwe, kelinting, melumut, meranti daun lebar, nangprong, oreywood, paul lebu, sangtrang, serentang, terentang, terentang malung, terentang simpoh, tumus, terentang kelintang
SE Asia.
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 41. 1876
(The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis.)
in Malaysia: serantang, serentang, telatang, telatang, terentang
Campnosperma minus Corner
SE Asia, Malaysia.
See Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 10: 255. 1939
(The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis.)
Common name: terentang jantang
South America. Tree, erect, straight, watery latex, stilt roots, greenish cream flowers
(The plant showed good or very good antiprotozoal activity in vitro, antimalarial and leishmanicidal.)
in English: orey wood
in South America: auree, aures, hoary, laulu, miskitia, nusmas, orey, ori, ori-gria, orin, sajo, vaquerá
Campsis Lour. Bignoniaceae
China, Japan. Woody vine, creeping, scandent, deciduous, few aerial roots, large orange-red trumpet shaped flowers grouped in terminal clusters, flattened pods, winged seeds
(Used in Ayurveda. Pollen considered harmful to humans. Flowers antioxidative, antiinflammatory, carminative, depurative, diuretic, abortifacient, tonic and febrifuge, emmenagogue, used for women’s complaints, diabetes, acne, inflammation related to skin disorders, acute skin inflammation; flowers decoction for menstrual disorders, rheumatoid pains, traumatic injuries, difficult urination, itching. Flowers, leaves and roots used to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis in diseases caused by blood stagnation; flowers and leaves antidiabetic; leaves with pesticidal, larvicidal and insecticidal activities.)
in English: Chinese trumpet creeper, Chinese trumpet flower, Chinese trumpet vine, Indian trumpet creeper, trumpet creeper, trumpet vine
in China: ling hsiao, ling hsiao hua, ling tiao, ling xiao, ling xiao hua, tzu wei
in India: delaun, rohitakalata
in Japan: nôzen-kazura
in Nepal: ghata puspa lata
North America. Woody vine, tubular orange-yellow to red flowers in clusters, elongated slender capsule with many winged seeds
(Leaves and flowers poisonous, low toxicity if eaten; skin irritation with redness and swelling.)
in English: cow-itch, trumpet creeper, trumpet honeysuckle, trumpet vine
Camptosema Hook. & Arn. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)
Camptosema paraguariense (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl. var. parviflorum Hassl. ( Camptosema paraguariense Hassl. var. parviflorum Hassl.)
South America. Shrub
(A contraceptive, the decoction of leaves, branches and roots.)
Camptotheca Decne. Cornaceae (Nyssaceae)
China.
(A major natural source of the terpenoid indole alkaloid camptothecin, two semi-synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, are currently prescribed as anticancer drugs.)
in English: China’s tree of joy
Campylandra Baker Asparagaceae (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae)
India, Himalaya. Erect herb
(Flowers cooked as vegetable and eaten as a postpartum remedy and blood purifier, to cure general body pain, diabetes. Roots febrifuge.)
in India: nakima, thullo nakima
Campylotropis Bunge Fabaceae (Desmodieae, Leguminosae)
China.
(Whole plant used for treating strokes, influenza, nephritis and skin diseases. Ointment.)
in China: ma niao teng
China. Shrub, purple corolla
(Root febrifuge.)
in China: xi nan hang zi shao
China.
(Dried roots used for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia. Immunosuppressive activity.)
Campylotropis pinetorum (Kurz) Schindl. subsp. velutinum (Dunn) H. Ohashi ( Campylotropis pinetorum (Kurz) Schindl. subsp. velutina (Dunn) H. Ohashi; Campylotropis velutina (Dunn) Schindler; Campylotropis velutina Schindler; Lespedeza pinetorum auct. non Kurz; Lespedeza velutina Dunn; Millettia cavaleriei H. Lév.)
China. Perennial non-climbing shrub
(Root astringent and pain reliever.)
in China: mian nan hang zi shao, rong mao hang zi shao
China. Shrub, pink flowers, fodder for cattle
(Root used for reducing fever, promoting diuresis, expelling phlegm and as a pain reliever.)
in China: sa gen ti hang zi shao, xiao que hua
in Tibet: ji jo, jiong nie, jion nie peng
Nepal, Bhutan. Perennial non-climbing shrub, many-branched, pink or purple flowers in axillary or terminal spikes, flowers boiled and pickled
(Bark juice antiinflammatory, antiseptic, applied to treat cuts and wounds.)
in China: mei li hang zi shao
in Nepal: sakhino, sakino
China. Shrub, yellowish flowers
(Whole plant used for reducing fever and relieving coughs. Root for treating mastitis and stroke.)
in China: san leng zhi hang zhi shao
Cananga (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae
Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia. Tree, grey shaggy bark, alternate soft velvety aromatic leaves, inflorescence a raceme with fragrant flowers, sepals 3, lanceolate greenish petals, fruit of many separate hairy carpels, flowers can be used like those of ylang-ylang
(Wood infusion febrifuge, antiplasmodial; bark a remedy for dizziness.)
in Cambodia: chker sreng
in China: da ye yi lan
in Laos: may ka seng
in Malaysia: kenanga, tho shui tree
in Thailand: khae saeng, nao, raap, sakae saeng
in Vietnam: c[aa]y tai nghe, th[oo]m shui, s[uw] t[aa]y
Australia, Pacific islands, SE Asia. Tree, evergreen, straggling, pendulous, pale yellow-green sweetly fragrant flowers on short leafless axillary shoots, flowers hang in loose bunches, fruits dark green, brown seeds embedded in yellow oily pulp
(Used in Sidha. Ylang-ylang oil has been accepted as an allergen. Bark antibacterial, amebicidal, antifungal and cytotoxic; bark applied against scurf; bark infusion for stomach problems. Dried flowers against malaria, fresh flowers paste for treating asthma. Leaves poultice rubbed on the skin against itch. Seed used externally to cure intermittent fever.)
in English: cananga, fragrant cananga, ilang-ilang, macassar oil plant, perfume tree, ylang-ylang, ylang-ylang tree
in Tonga: mohokoi
in Bali: bungan sandat
in Burma (Myanmar): kadapgnam, kadatngan, sagasein
in Cambodia: chhkè srèng
in China: yi lan
in India: apoorva champaka, apoorvachampakamu, apurbachampa, apurvacampaka, apurvacampakamu, cirucanpakam, ceti campanki, canpakam, catimanoca, cumana, cuvetaka, cuvetika, iracaputtiri, irattimanikkakkoti, irattimanikkam, irunti, kamalada mara, kamanda mara, kananga hoo, karumukai, katthe sampige, malani, malati, malatimaram, maramanorancitam, nettiramali, nettiramalimaram, nettiranirumali, pamini, pavalavaruti, picci, piriyavata, pitti
in Indonesia: bunga selanga, kananga, kenanga, sepalen
in Laos: ka dan nga thay
in Malaysia: chenanga, hutan, kananga, kenanga, kenanga utan, neriah, nérian, nyai
in Philippines: alangilang, ilang-ilang, ylang-ylang
in Thailand: fereng, kradang-nga-thai, kradang-ngaa-thai, kradangnga-songkhla, kradangnga-thai, sabannga-ton
in Vietnam: ho[af]ng lan, ng[oj]c lan t[aa]y, ylang ylang
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson var. fruticosum (Craib) Sinclair ( Canangium fruticosum Craib; Cananga odorata var. fruticosa J. Sinclair; Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King var. fruticosum (Craib) Corner)
SE Asia, Thailand. Dwarf variety, bush, curly petals
(Antibacterial, antifungal.)
in English: shrubby cananga
in Thailand: kradang nga songkhla
Canarina L. Campanulaceae
From the Canary Islands, see Mantissa Plantarum Altera 2: 148, 225, 588. 1771 and Ind. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 1753-74 (Regn. Veg.li.) 36. 1967.
Tropical Africa. Epiphytic or terrestrial, erect or scandent, climber, pendent, herbaceous, weak stem, thick root, latex when cut, funnel-shaped corolla pink yellow-orange with red-purple lines, stems and petioles eaten
(For psychosis, madness. Magic, ritual.)
in Rwanda: umuhurura
Canarium L. Burseraceae
SE Asia, China, Vietnam. Tree, white aromatic resinous sticky sap, yellowish-green flowers in axillary raceme, raw fruit edible, douc langurs ( Pygathrix nemaeus L.) eat the leaves and fruits
(Olive leaf extract powerful antiviral, detoxificant, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, shown to be effective in the treatment of many conditions where antibiotics have been found to be ineffective, against HIV and tuberculosis, sore throat, cough, malaria, fish or crab poisoning, to remove heat. Raw fruit to help indigestion and combat drunkenness. Antioxidant, tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark.)
in English: Chinese olive, Chinese white olive
in China: ch’ing kuo, gan lan, kan lan, kan lang
in Japan: kanran
in Vietnam: ca na, cay bui, tram trang
Canarium amboinense Hochr.
Papua New Guinea.
See Hochreutiner, Benedict Pierre Georges (1873-1959), Plantae bogorienses exsiccatae novae vel minus cocnitae [!] quae in horto botanico coluntur, auctore B.P.G. Hochreutiner … 55. [Buitenzorg] typis Instituti botanici bogoriensis. 1904.
(Against boils.)
Canarium bengalense Roxb.
India, China. Tree, fragrant amber coloured oleoresin, imparipinnate leaves, lanceolate leaflets, inflorescences axillary, dark purple spindle-shaped aromatic drupes, persistent calyx disk-shaped, infructescences extra-axillary or axillary, ripe fruits eaten fresh
(Leaves for bronchitis, leprosy, jaundice; juice of leaves with ginger juice administered in cough and respiratory diseases; smoke of the leaves inhaled as cigar in asthma; leaves infusion drunk for dysentery; leaves powder pesticide, insecticide, against fungal infection. Leaves and roots for chronic bronchitis; leaves juice or root decoction given for respiratory diseases; ashed leaves and wood mixed with honey used for coughs and asthma. Leaves and bark antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antibacterial, febrifuge, abortifacient, antiasthmatic, antiallergic, for setting broken bones, relieving pain, resolving phlegm, used externally for rheumatic swellings, inflammations. Latex in the treatment of wounds and gum infection. Antifungal. Bark resin, incense, used in worshipping.)
in English: East Indian copal, green myrobalan
in China: fang lan
in India: bero, berothing, bisjang, borsamphol, dhuna, hijungaraung, inghet-ki-ik-araung, keruta, mathek-araung, mekruk, narockpa, nerebi, tekreng, umchhiang
in Nepal: goguldhup, gokul
India, Panama. Tree, clear sticky sap, sepals and petals greenish creamy white
(Used in Sidha. For stomach problems and coughs.)
in English: Chinese olive, elemi gum, Java almond, Java almond tree, wild almond
in India: cimaivatumai, cinappicinmaram, jaava badaami, jangli baadaam, kaggali beeja, kaggali mara, karaiccenkari, sambrani, shambrani
Canarium euphyllum Kurz
India, Andaman. Large tree, white aromatic resin, leaf with a pair of awl-like stipules, nearly sessile hairy leaflets with toothed margins
See Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. (1872) II. 295. 1872
(Resin burnt as mosquito repellent. Resin used for burning in ceremonies.)
in English: Indian white mahogany
in India: dhup, moye
Tonga. Tree, dense canopy
See Seemann, Berthold (1825-1871), Flora Vitiensis: a description of the plants of the Viti or Fiji islands, with an account of their history, uses, and properties. 35. London: L. Reeve and co. 1865
(Resin for ulcers; fruit laxative.)
in English: canarium nut, galip nut, ngali nut, Santa Cruz ngali nut
in Tonga: ‘ai, ai, kaunicina, kaunigai, nangae, nangai
Indonesia, New Guinea, N. Hebrides. Tree, flowers in terminal panicles, large infructescences, fruit an ovoid purple to black drupe, kernels edible
(Resin for ulcers; fruit laxative, a preparation from the bark used for chestpain. Dried nuts eaten to induce sterility. Ritual incense.)
in English: canarium nut, galip nut, Java almond, nangai nuts, ngali nut, south-sea almond
in Indonesia: jal, kanari bagéa, kenari ambo
in Pacific: nangai, ngali
in Papua New Guinea: angal, galip, hinuei, kenari, lawele, uele
Java. Canopy tree, dioecious, black resin, stout twigs rusty red tomentose, kidney-shaped stipules, inflorescencs paniculate and axillary, yellow-reddish-purple unisexual flowers densely ferruginous hairy, blue-black drupe with thin leathery flesh
(For hemorrhoids.)
in Borneo: asam, bekatan, damar kahingai, jelemu, karamu barawou, kawangang, kurihang, mekos, rupai, sala, seladah
in Singapore: kedondong, kedondong bulan
Philippines. Tree, clustered flowers on large compound inflorescences
See Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1811-1871), Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. i. II. 651. Amsterdam. 1855[-59].
(Resin stimulant, rubefacient, antirheumatic, stomachic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, fungicidal and insecticidal, cough remedy, used externally for swellings of the legs, indolent ulcers, burns, sores, boils, abscesses, furuncles, arthritis and rheumatism.)
in English: elemi gum, elemi resin, Java almond, Manila elemi
in Philippine Isl.: alangi, alanki, antang, anteng, arbol a brea, bakan, bakoog, belis, brea blanca, bulau, malapili, pilauai, pilaui, pili, pisa, sahing, tugtugin
Tanzania, Madagascar. Tree, extremely variable, bark containing a turpentine-odoured white clear resin, white campanulate flowers
(Resin insecticide and disinfectant, for the treatment of urinary complaints, dental caries, rheumatism, wounds; after heating vapor inhaled against headache, immersion in its vapor is believed to protect against infections. Fresh bark for colic, hemorrhoids and jaundice; bark decoction in treating dysentery, hypertension, cough, chest pain. Leaves boiled with other herbs and the decoction used to treat coughs; stem exudate and leaves sedative, analgesic. The seeds roasted and pounded and the resulting powder mixed with skin oil or jelly to treat wounds.)
in Madagascar: aramy, ramy
in Tanzania: mbani, mpafu
Canarium manii King
India, Andaman.
(Hepatoprotective.)
Canarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl.
Papua New Guinea. Tree, colourless bark exudate, inflorescence axillary
See Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. 4: 241. 1896 and Flora Malesiana, Series 1, 278-279, fig. 20, 21, 41. 1956
(Stimulating hair oil. Against itchiness.)
in English: grey canarium
in Indonesia: kanari minyak, kayu rasamala, rani kalang bahi
Canarium ovatum Engl.
Philippines. Tree, erect and spreading, yellowish fragrant flowers borne on cymose inflorescences at the leaf axils of young shoots
See Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum) 57(2): 107-204. 2002
(Ointment for healing wounds. Seed kernel laxative, fresh nuts purgative.)
in English: Manila elemi, Philippine nut, pili nut
Mauritius. Tree, endangered
See Pharmaceutical Biology 35(4): 237-254. 1997, Pure Appl. Chem. 77(1): 41-51. 2005
(A leaf poultice and the resin applied for rheumatism, leaf poultice also applied on ulcerations. Extracts of the stem, wood and bark have shown antibacterial and antifungal activities.)
in Mauritius: bois colophane, élemi de Maurice
Indonesia, Malaya, Sumatra, Brunei. Tree, dioecious, inner bark creamy, few-flowered inflorescences, flowers tomentose, oblong drupe with a 3-sided stone, sweet seeds edible
See Flora of British India. By J.D. Hooker assisted by Various botanists. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in council. [Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Sir (1817- 1911)] i. 533. London, L. Reeve. 1872-1897
(Resin used for wounds. Leaves and bark for yaws.)
in Indonesia: damar kunang, damar lilin, medang serababa
in Malaysia: kedondong, kedondong kerut, kejam penggeli, keramoh batu
Southern China, Vietnam. Tree, resiniferous, evergreen, small flowers in axillary panicles, long-stalked fruits, edible fruit a purple-black drupe
(Leaf nutrient and sedative, used to treat herpes, lacquer poisoning. Fruit astringent, sedative, antiinflammatory, increases salivation, appetite stimulant, antidote for eating poisonous fish, used for sore throat, toothache, diarrhea. Powdered seed to treat earache, inflammation and to dissolve lodged fishbones.)
in English: black canarium, black canary tree fruit, black Chinese canarium, canarium kernel, Chinese black olive, Chinese olive, kenari-nut tree, preserved black canarium
in China: lan ch’ih, lan chi, lan jen, kan-lan, lan ren, wu lan
in Vietnam: bùi, càna, trám-den
Canarium samoense Engler
Samoa. Tree
See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 134. 1883
(For rash, sores, skin ailments.)
in Samoa: a’a matie, ma’ali, maali
Tropical Africa, Nigeria, Senegal. Large tree, spreading, rounded umbrella crown, bark exudes a viscid sulfur-yellow oleoresin with an unpleasant taste or sweetly scented, young branchlets hairy red-brown when cut the fragrant resin smells of incense, creamy white flowers in axillary panicles, soft bluish black glabrous smooth fruits, 3-ridged stone, ripe flesh fruit and kernel eaten
(Antimicrobial, used to treat bacterial infections, diarrhea and heal wounds. Fresh bark used for colic, hemorrhoids and jaundice, the exudate for venereal diseases; bark decoction in treating dysentery, hypertension, cough, chest pain. Fruits and stem bark for coughs. Fruit pulp analgesic. Leaves stimulant, to treat fever, scurvy, malaria, constipation, diarrhea, postpartum pain, rheumatism, venereal diseases; boiled with other herbs and the decoction used to treat coughs. Seeds roasted and pounded and the resulting powder mixed with skin oil or jelly to treat wounds. Magic, ritual, crystallized resin used as incense with religious significance.)
in English: African canarium, African elemi, bush candle tree, bush pear, canarium, incense tree, incense tree of the khiokhio bird, obega mahagony, úbé of the bush, white mahogany
in Cameroon: abe, abel, abell, bele, bòsao b’eyidi, eban, gberi, hehe, mbili, oleni, otu, sao eyidi, sene, toumba, wotua
in Congo: banga, bili, bolele, bubele, ki mbidi, mabélé, mbidi, mbidi nkala, mbili, mbiri, mobele, mombele, mubiri, mupatu, musuku, obe, obélé, obole
in Gabon: abe, abel, abeul, aboel, eban, mbili, moubili, muwafu, mwafu, nyege, nyegye, obe, obega, ovili, owele, ombili
in Ghana: ahie, amoukyi, bedi-wo-nua, bedi-womua, bediwu-nua, bediwonua, bediwuna, bediwunua, bedunua, bewewo-nua, kandangunuu, kantankrui, kurutwe
in Guinea: dollo, ghiémana, modjetchalè, oclanca, sava
in Ivory Coast: ahié, ahiélé, aiele, aiélé, aiéré, dirutu, elemi de Moahum, gueritu, kerendja-égué, khiala, labé, moi moua, mosu, muneu, muamohia, muemia, muénohia, nosu, okoume, okumé, senie, senyan, uréguinahi, yatu
in Liberia: beeng, beri, bi, bien-g, bo-tu, goe quehn, goekwehn, mbele, po-tu
in Nigeria: abigwa, agbabubu origbo, ako, àkó, anikantuhu, atile, atilia, atílis, boshu basang, boshu-basung, ébèn étìrìdon, eben etridon, èkpákpoghò, èshiá, ibagbo, ibwaba, ipapo, itali, kofare, njasin, njassong, njasun, njasung, oda, ofingot, oju-ngon, onumu, origbo, órigbó, órúnmùnkhìokhìo, otua, papo, papol, pwat, siselung, tamfre, ùbé agba, ùbé mkpuru aki, ùbé-óhèá, ùbé okpókó, ùbé-osà, ùbé wemba, ùbwé aba, uda, ute-siselung
in Sierra Leone: a-menẻp, a-nenẻp, dolle, dolo, mbele, mbili, sawa
in Tanzania: mbafu, mbani, mpafu, mubafu, sigonfi
in Tropical Africa: abé, abe, abel, abell, abo, aielé, bedunua, hehe, oyife
in Uganda: musanke
in Upper Volta: cien, paja
India, China, Himalaya. Trees, evergreen, buttressed, resin dark brown to black oozing from cut end of trunk, small unisexual yellowish-white flowers, inflorescence axillary panicles rusty tomentose, staminate flowers in subterminal panicles, pistillate flowers in racemes, drupes blue-black at maturity, fruits eaten
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Fruit of Canarium resiniferum taken for urinary complaints. Bark decoction as a bath for skin eruptions; an infusion taken for colic. Gum used with gingelly oil ( Sesamum indicum) in rheumatic pains; decoction or powder of resin given internally as a remedy in cough, asthma, fever, hemorrhage, epilepsy, rheumatism, syphilis, poisons, skin diseases. Crushed leaves as fish poison. Resin burnt for expelling mosquitoes from house and also for healing wounds. Ceremonial, ritual, magico-religious and supernatural beliefs, conserved in sacred groves, the dried resin used to fumigate at religious adorations; resin from the stem is burnt at home to get good health and wealth, also paddy fields are fumigated.)
in English: black dammar, black dammar tree, Yunnan canarium
in China: dian lan, t’ien lan, tian lan, yang duan, yang jui, yang rui, yang tuan
in India: attam, berawthing, beroh, bot-sasat, brev, canari-telli mara, damar, dhoop, dhuna, dhup, dong-khreng, doopa, gugul, haale maddu, haalu maddi, halemaddu, halmaddi, haralu maddi, harlmuddy, inkulicamaram, itarcam, jaali banke, kaaladaamar, kakanemi, kakanemimaram, kala-damar, kala-dammar, kala dammar, kaladammar, karedupa, karee dhoopa, kari dhoopa, kariyapolam, karridhupa, karungkungiliyam, karangkunthrikam, karungundurukkam, karunkiliyam, karunkungiliam, karunkungiliyam, karunkunkiliyam, karunkuntirikkam, karuppu-damar, karuppu kungiliam, karuppudamar, karuppuk kunkiliyam, karuppukkungiliyam, karuppukkunkiliyam, karupputamar, karupudamar, karuthakungiliam, karuttukungiliam, karuttukunkiliyam, kukkil kungulam, kundrikam, kundurukkam, kungiliam, kungiliyam, kunguli, kunthirikkapayin, kunturukkam, kunturukkan, kunturukkapayam, kunturukkappayan, manda dhoopa, manda-dhup, mandadhoop, mandadhup, mandadhupa, mandadupa, mekruk, munddoopa, nalla-rojan, nalla rojanamu, nallarojanamu, nallarojen, panda, pandu, pantam, pantappayan, pantham, raala dhoopa, raladhupa, raladupa, raldhoop, raldhup, raldhupada, sanglam, silum pakia, solum, tanpukai, tanpukaimaram, telli, thally, thelli, thellippayin, thelly, tubam, tupam, viraga, viraka, virapu
Vietnam. Tree, small greenish flowers in large panicles, fruit an ovoid to spindle-shaped blackish drupe, pericarp rather thick, pulp and seeds from the fruits edible, pickled fruit, douc langurs ( Pygathrix nemaeus L.) eat the leaves and fruits
(Olive leaf extract antiviral, cytotoxic, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, against HIV and tuberculosis, sore throat, cough, malaria, fish or crab poisoning. Raw fruit to help indigestion and combat drunkenness. Antioxidant, tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark.)
in English: Chinese olive, Vietnam canarium
in China: ch’ing kuo, gan lan, kan lan, kan lang, yue lan, yueh lan
in Indochina: ca na
in Japan: kanran
in Thailand: samo cheen
in Vietnam: cay bui, trám tráng
Canarium villosum Benth. & Hook.f. ex Náves
Philippines.
See Flora de Filipinas, ed. 3 [F.M. Blanco] Nov. App. 40. 1877-1883
(Resin stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary.)
in Philippines: pagsahingin
Canarium vitiense A. Gray
Samoa. Tree
See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 134. 1883
(For rash, sores, skin ailments.)
in Samoa: a’a matie, ma’ali, maali
Tropical Asia.
(Demulcent, irritant, antiviral, rubefacient, stimulant, vulnerary, cytotoxic, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, expectorant, immunostimulant.)
in English: Chinese olive, Java almond, kenari nut, kenari nut tree, pili nut
Canotia Torr. Celastraceae
See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 4(5): 68. 1857 and Kew Bulletin 18: 255. 1964.
Canotia holacantha Torr.
North America. Perennial tree or shrub, berries eaten raw
See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 4(5): 68. 1857 and Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 87: 251-258. 2001
(Stimulant, stomachic.)
in English: canotia, crucifixion thorn
Cantua Juss. ex Lam. Polemoniaceae
Peru. Shrub, red pink yellow tubular flowers, calyx connate, seeds with marginal wing
(Flowers infusion astringent, against diarrhea, cough, rheumatism, liver and eyes complaints. Veterinary medicine, branches and flowers infusion for diarrhea. Magic, a symbol of unity, to bring good luck, ceremonial, offerings, superstitious practices.)
in English: magic flower, magic-flower-of-the-Incas, magic tree, Peruvian magic tree, sacred-flower-of-the-Incas
in Peru: cantu, cantuta, ccantu, ccantus, ccantut, ccantutay, ccelmo, flor del Inca, jantu, jinllo, kantu, kantuta, khantuta, la flor sagrada de los Incas, qantu, qantuta
South America.
(Infusion used as a laxative.)
Cantua quercifolia Juss.
Ecuador, Peru. Shrub or small trees, suffrutex, white flowers
See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 3: 118. 1804
(Analgesic, tonic, a remedy for malaria, sore knees.)
in Peru: dormidero, pepiso
Capirona Spruce Rubiaceae
A vernacular name, see Fl. Ecuador 50: 1-112. 1994.
Tropical America. Fruit edible
(Leishmanicidal. For skin diseases, psoriasis, fungal infections, diabetes and wounds.)
in Bolivia: batahua, guayabochi
in Peru: capirona, capirona de altura, capirona negra, capirona negra de altura, kshi muna, madera de hierro, metaguais, meta-guayo, pau-mulato
Capparicordis H.H. Iltis & X. Cornejo Capparaceae
Peru, Ecuador west of the Andes. Xerophytic shrubs or small trees, stellate pubescence
(Used to cure rheumatism, hot water extract given as oral application to human adult for neuritis.)
Argentina to Bolivia and Paraguay east of the Andes. Xerophytic shrubs or small trees, stellate pubescence, corolla yellow-green or yellow, unripe fruit boiled in water administered orally to human adult as a food
(Leaf decoction taken for cough, also with mate tea for sore eyes. Fresh chewed leaves applied externally to furuncles.)
Capparidastrum Hutch. Capparidaceae (Capparaceae)
Neotropics.
(Irritant.)
South America. Shrub or undershrub
(Arrow poison.)
Caragana Fabr. Fabaceae (Galegeae)
India, Himalaya. Perennial non-climbing herb
(Roots used for burns, boils, skin diseases.)
Caragana brevispina Benth.
Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub, multi-stemmed, flowers yellow turning coral with age, leaves or flower buds cooked as vegetable
(Plant decoction taken for joint ache. Ceremonial, the flowers.)
in India: shuroo
in Nepal: jomosing, sabalo
India, Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub
(Root paste applied to treat cuts, wounds and dislocation of bone.)
in China: ni bo er jin ji er
in Nepal: pakchar
Caraipa Aublet Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae, Guttiferae)
Brazil, Colombia.
(Sap applied as antifungal, for skin diseases.)
in Colombia: kar-pat’, ma-wan-he-te
Brazilian Amazon.
(Antibacterial and cytotoxic, crushed leaves applied on skin diseases, herpes, mange, rashes, itching.)
Caraipa parvielliptica Cuatrec.
Colombia.
See Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 8: 64. 1950
(Crushed leaves applied on skin diseases, sores of the mucous membrane of the mouth, rashes, itching.)
Cardiopteris Wallich ex Royle Cardiopteridaceae (Olacaceae, Icacinaceae)
SE Asia, Malesia. Herb, vine, climbing, twining, white milky latex, leaves spirally arranged, flowers in panicles, forest edges, in secondary vegetation
See Adansonia 10: 280-281. 1872, Fl. Brit. India 1: 597. 1875
(Stem sap used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems; a stem decoction for hepatitis. Leaves for headache.)
in Papua New Guinea: duman, qacac, zafengang
Cardwellia F. Muell. Proteaceae
Cardwellia sublimis F. Muell.
Australia, northeast Queensland. Canopy tree, aluminum accumulator
(Cyanogenic, irritant, dermatitis.)
in English: bull-oak, bull silky oak, golden spangle-wood, golden spanglewood, lacewood, northern bull-oak, northern silky oak, oongaary, silky oak
Crc World Dictionary Of Medicinal And Poisonous Plants
Caccinia Savi Boraginaceae
See Genera Plantarum 128. 1789, Cose Botaniche 1, 7, pl. 1. 1832.
India.
(Used in Unani. Leaves diuretic, demulcent, antiinflammatory, for asthma, cough.)
in India: gaozabaan
Cadaba Forssk. Capparaceae (Capparidaceae)
Namibia. Shrub, evergreen and leafless, spiky stems, tangled, dense, twigs spinescent, deep red to yellow glandular flowers, warty sticky fruits, small black seeds covered with a sticky bright orange pulp, only younger branches browsed by game and livestock, frost and drought resistant
See Gen. S. Afr. Pl. ed. 2, 13. 1868 and Flora Zambesiaca: Mozambique, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Bechuanaland Protectorate. Volume 1, part 1 / edited by A.W. Exell and Hiram Wild, on behalf of the editorial board. London, 1960
(Toxic to sheep. Roots potentially poisonous, roots strongly purgative, an overdose might be toxic. Moist powdered plant applied as a poultice to draw boils and abscesses.)
in English: black storm, desert broom, leafless wormbush
in South Africa: bloustam, bobbejaanarm, swartstorm
East and West Africa, Yemen. Slender shrub, weak, tangled, spreading, many-branched from the base, densely twigged, arching branches, yellow-green flowers, cylindrical pods, black seeds surrounded by orange aril, leaves and young twigs edible, pounded leaves cooked in couscous, bark eaten with cereals, edible fruit, plant browsed by all stock
(Leaves analgesic, antiviral, antirheumatic, antiphlogistic, antiscorbutic, tonic, stimulant, astringent, antihelmintic, purgative, antidote against food poisoning, emmenagogue; leaves decoction for gonorrhea; ground leaf powder for ulcers and skin complaints. Roots infusion used for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Plant ash rubbed for body pains. Magic, ritual, charm, superstition, good luck, marriage. Veterinary medicine, roots and leaves used to treat anthrax in cattle.)
in Arabic: asal, el bejad, korraeb, saerah, toraeb
in India: viluti
in Benin: kobokayé
in East Africa: kibalazi-mwitu, mvunja-vumo, ol-amalogi
in Guinea: berekunan, kesebere tamba niogu, quinquemini
in Kenya: arerenion, eren, ereng, kalkacha hare, larasoro, luharamira, mchachale, orosoro
in Mali: abago, azrom, balamji, hassu ueil, kwemkwemini, minzin, to-magny, uggar
in Mauritania: azrom, szrom, zerom, zrum
in Niger: abago, abogu, bagahy, bagaie, bagayi, bagey, balamji, gursimé, harikanelifi, harkanelifi, hassu ueil, marga, tchuma, ugar, uggar
in Nigeria: anza, bagaji, bagayi, balamji, baldamhi, beelidamhi, beldamhi, bultù, dangarafa, guno, hadza, handja, hanza, surreih
in Senegal: azrom, balamji, bere kuna, demadugu, gavargi, kesebere tamba, n-debarka, ndebaré, ndebarga, ndebargé, ndegareg, ndegarek, nogu, sinsin, sinsini, szrom, tensen, tomani, tsinsini, zerom, zrum
in Somalia: geed-maaluugeed
in Tanzania: endamologi, eren, ereng, kaningwa, larasoro, luharamira, mchachale, mpambue, ol ameloki, ol jani el sirgon, sangwa sangwa
Cadaba farinosa Forssk. subsp. adenotricha (Gilg & GilgBen.) R.A. Graham
Tanzania. Shrub, herb, succulent, stem cream, densecrowned, leaves glaucous, flower pale green yellowish, exocarp pale green, endocarp orange
(Roots poisonous.)
India. Shrub, flowers dirty white
(Used in Sidha. Leaves and roots antiphlogistic, purgative, anthelmintic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, analgesic, deobstruent, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, used to treat ulcer, syphilis, sores, vitiligo, worm infection; leaf juice to reduce swelling, in rheumatism; leaf juice boiled in castor oil applied for fracture and snakebite. Roots decoction in uterine obstructions. Veterinary medicine, leaves decoction given orally to cure tympany; leaf extract applied in boils, blisters, ulcers and wounds.)
in English: Indian cadaba
in India: aadamorinika, adamorinika, ayamiyamakki, ayattaiiyamakki, carapattiram, chaayagavache, chavukkuttiyanku, cheganike, chegaviche, chekonadi, chemudu, chikonadi, chikondi, chimurudu poola, ciramota, ciramotakacceti, ciramotakam, ciramotan, cirmotan, ciruviluticceti, cumirutam, curapicitti, dabi, habal, itankali, itankalimaram, kacitti, kadhab, kainaci, karppakalakkiruti, katagatti, kattakatti, keganike, kegnike, kodab, kodhab, konda mirapa, kunkilatikacceti, kunkilatikam, kutippanikam, mangare, maragacha, maragache, maragada, maragade, maragadegida, maravili, maravilicceti, margade, mattametikam, mattametikamaram, mirchikand, mota, motti, nacukatitam, narcitti, narivili, narivili, narivilicceti, palavili, palavilicceti, pattirakam, piluka, pittavaram, polumorinika, puttiracutanam, tarunikam, tarunikamaram, tatakam, tirucupattiram, uruvaracam, uruvaracamaram, uruvaraccammatti, uttarakarikai, vaelivee, vanamulam, veludhu, vilimmi, viliti, viluti, visanacini, vittuki, vittukicceti, vizhivi, vizhuthi, vizuthi, vutarasi chettu, vutharasi chettu, vutharasichettu
Cadaba glandulosa Forssk.
East and West Africa, Mali, Niger. Low shrub, erect, woody, leafy, viscid, many-branched, closely packed glandular-hispid round leaves, small inconspicuous yellow ligulate flowers, eaten by goats, sheep, camels, cattle and donkeys
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 68. 1775 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 35: 25-63. 1991
(Flavonol glycosides. Drink roots infusion for stomachache; stems and roots antiinflammatory; pounded leaves on wounds. Magic.)
in Arabic: taennaim
in Kenya: emakak
in Mali: hassu, tabeibaret, tahalist, tarbéret, téhanizt, teheist, teis, todi farssa, uadagoré
in Niger: doburu, taïs, teera
in Somalia: qalanqal
in Sudan: kurmut, sogheir
Cadaba indica Lam.
India.
See Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 67(5): 637- 638. 2005, Pharmacologyonline 3: 136-142. 2008
(Used in Sidha. Leaves antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal.)
in India: adamorinika, cavukuttiyanku, cegavice, cekodi, cekodisakada, chekodi, chekonisi, chemoorda, chikonadi, chimurudu, cimurudu, kattakatti, manatukkurntu, maragace, maragade, margadde, polumorinika, sagedapu, vilathi, vili, viluti, vishuthi, vizhudi
Cadaba natalensis Sond.
South Africa. Woody shrub, small scrambling tree, sepals mauve or purplish, pink nectary guide not clasping the androgynophore, long narrow cylindrical worm-like fruit, seeds embedded in a powdery reddish pulp
See Linnaea 23: 8. 1850
(Roots to induce vomiting, to treat chest pain. Magic, ritual.)
in English: green-leaved wormbush, Natal worm-bush
in South Africa: amaNgwe emnyama, amaNgwe-ezidlayo, groenblaarwurmbos, Natalwurmbos, umAnzimane, uNoqungwa, uPhaphane
Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk.
Arabia, Abyssinia.
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 68. 1775 and Veterinary and Human Toxicology 29(2): 133-137. 1987
(For bronchitis, inhalation from leaves, also juice from crushed leaves; chewed leaves on wounds. Plant poisoning, the clinical signs in goats fed with the plant were pronounced depression, diarrhea, frothing at the mouth, dyspnea, ataxia, loss of condition and recumbency. The lesions consisted of diffuse hemorrhage in the abomasum, heart and lungs, catarrhal enteritis, erosions on the intestinal mucous membrane, degeneration and/or necrosis of the cells of the renal tubules, and fatty change and necrosis in the liver. Veterinary medicine, leaves for diarrhea, dysentery.)
in Arabic: kadhab
in Ethiopia: adangali
in Kenya: epuu
Tropical Africa. Many-branched shrub, slender, straggling, scandent, flowers solitary or clustered, green sepals, red nectary guide clasping the androgynophore, long narrow cylindrical worm-like fruit, seeds embedded in a powdery reddish pulp
See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 26: t. 2527. 1897 and Z. Naturforsch. 57c, 216-220. 2002
(Caused death in murder trials.)
in English: grey-leaved wormbush, pink cadaba
in South Africa: vaalblaarwurmbos
Cadaba trifoliata Wight & Arn.
India.
See Cat. Ind. Pl. 7. 1833, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 24. 1834
(Used in Ayurveda. Boiled leaves vapors inhaled to relieve cough and cold.)
in India: balaya, chekonadi, chikondi, kodikaalu, kodikallu, kodikalu, mallaguru, manudukkurundu, nallagaara, nallagara, peddachikonadi, peddacikonadi, peddasivakonita, purana, purna, viluti
Caesulia Roxb. Asteraceae
Caesulia axillaris Roxb.
India. Ascending to prostrate herb with narrowly lanceolate leaves tapering at both the ends
(Plant poisonous for sheep. Whole plant juice given to cure amebic dysentery, indigestion and loss of appetite. Leaves kept in pulses as insecticide; leaf extract sprayed as pesticide. Oil from the seeds applied in rheumatic pains.)
in India: akshaphula, borasda, nichini
Caladium Vent. Araceae
Nicaragua to Argentina. Glabrous herb, underground stem, thin almost trasparent leaves, glabrous greenish-white spathe
(Acrid and caustic sap. Rootstalk emetic, emmenagogue and purgative; fresh plant cathartic and anthelmintic; dried pulverized leaves as a dusting powder for unclean wounds, for ulcers. Corms used for paralysis. Powdered rhizome used to relieve bodyache. Veterinary medicine, leaves in the nostrils of dogs to make them better hunters.)
in English: angel wing, caladium, elephant ear, elephant’s ear, fancy-leaved caladium, heart of Jesus, mother-in-law plant
in Peru: oreja de perro, sachapaico, tasha, ushu
in India: sam taupi
in Japan: karajiumu
in Philippines: corazon de Maria, corazon de Santa Maria, linsang pula
in Congo: eyeka la ngeie
in Yoruba: kooko obalufon, kooko oodua, kooko soponna
Venezuela, Brazil. Variable leaves
in English: fancy-leaved caladium
Calanthe R. Br. Orchidaceae
Calanthe monophylla Ridl.
Malaysia. Orchid
See J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4: 70. 1909
(Magic, the smell from the burning leaves to scare away ghosts.)
India, Himalaya, China. Small erect terrestrial herb, white or pale lilac flowers, oblong capsule
(Root made into a paste and applied on wounds and cuts.)
in China: che qian xia ji lan
India.
(Root extract for typhoid and jaundice.)
in China: san leng xia ji lan
in India: garur panja
Japan, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, India. Terrestrial, pale lilac flowers
(Plant juice relieves gastro-intestinal problems. Roots poultice to cure swollen hands; roots chewed to cure diarrhea. Flower extract taken as a pain killer.)
in English: scrub lily
in Japan: tsuru-ran
in Thailand: ueang kao tog
in Vanuatu: natapak
Calathea G. Meyer Marantaceae
Trop. America. Caulescent, shrub, in dense clumps, edible tuber-like storage organs, pseudostems with elongated leaves, simple leaf blades, long grooved petioles, well-developed ligule, irregular flowers yellowish green or white
(A tincture of the leaf used for cystitis; leaves diuretic.)
in English: Guinea arrowroot, sweet corn root, sweet corn tuber
in Caribbean: faldita morada, leren
Calceolaria L. Scrophulariaceae
Latin calceolus ‘a slipper’, referring to the flowers, slipper flowers; see C. Linnaeus, in Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar. 31: 286, t. VIII. Stockholm 1770.
Calceolaria stellariifolia Phil.
Chile.
See Anales del Museo Nacional de Chile. Primera Sección – Zoolojía 71. 1891
(Leaves infusion to warm the body.)
in Chile: zapatilla
Callianthemum C.A. Meyer Ranunculaceae
Callianthemum taipaicum W.T. Wang
China. Perennial herbs, rhizomatous, flowers bisexual, petals basally brown, sepals bluish purple
See Flora Tsinlingensis 1(2): 274, 604, f. 235. 1974
(Chinese herbal medicine.)
in China: tai bai mei hua cao
Callicarpa L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)
Mexico, Guatemala to Colombia. Shrub or small tree, corolla white, fragrant flowers in small branched axillary clusters, dark purple to black fruit
(Cold-water infusion of the crushed leaves for diarrhea, dysentery.)
North America, Cuba. Shrub, slender, small bluish lavender flowers in axillary clusters, purple violet fruits, fruit edible raw but insipid
(Root to treat skin cancer, essential oils antialgal and phytotoxic. Fruit astringent, causes puckering of the mouth a few minutes after eating a little.)
in English: American beauty-berry, beauty-berry, French mulberry
Himalaya, China, Bhutan, Cambodia, India. Tree, fast growing, densely tomentose, corky rough bark, twig broad and flat at the nodes, coriaceous leaves stellate-tomentose beneath, truncate calyx cup-shaped, pink purple corolla, stamens much longer than corolla, fruit purple-brown
10: 110. 1920, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 3: 22. 1921, Pharmacologyonline 1: 1095-1103. 2009
in English: beauty berry
in China: mu zi zhu
in India: ab bhantal buti, arhi, arhi-araung, arni, balmal, bhantal buti sabz, bonmola, bormala, dieng lakhiot, ghiwala, gising, gunmola, hnahkiah, kachetong, kachettong, khet, khimbar, khoja, kojo, kumhar, mach kotta, mach peluka, maksi, mondol, moskhanchi, mukhuang, nkoang, subornni, yalu
Malayan names: ambong-ambong bukit, ambong puteh, kata kera, kata keran
in Nepal: bori, guren, maiphi, maaraa
China, Vietnam. Shrub, lilac flowers, violet fruits, often confused with Callicarpa giraldii
(Astringent.)
in English: Bodinier beauty berry
in China: zhen zhu feng, zi zhu
Southern China, SE Asia. An evergreen shrub or small tree, tomentose, glandular leaves very variable, calyx minutely 4-toothed glandular, corolla mauve or violet, stamens exserted, globose ovary glabrous glandular all over, drupe depressed globular almost succulent, fruits sometimes eaten raw
(Young leaves decoction drunk for abdominal troubles and amenorrhea. Leaves smoked to relieve asthma; used for poulticing wounds, applied as a plaster for gastralgia; leaves infusion emmenagogue. Leaves pounded and used as a fish poison. Shoots used in arrow poisons.)
in Cambodia: sroul kraham
in China: bai mao zi zhu
in India: verrilai-p-pattai
in Indonesia: apu-apu, meniran besar, meniran kebo, sesepo
in Japan: kuroshikibu
in Laos: dok pha nok
in Malaysia: tampang besi, tampang besi merah
in Philippines: anuyup, palis, tigau
in Vietnam: n[af]ng n[af]ng, pha t[oos]p, tr[uws]ng [ees]ch
Callicarpa caudata Maxim.
Philippines, Pacific. Evergreen shrub, stem and branches glandular, reddish-yellow glands, calyx glandular, corolla mauve, ovary glandular, glandular pink fruits, closely related to Callicarpa pilosissima Maxim.
See Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 31: 76. 1887
(Stem scraped and mixed with the rhizome of ginger and applied to large wounds. A decoction of fresh or dried leaves used as a cure for stomach troubles. Leaves applied to relieve earache.)
in Papua New Guinea: mamen
in Philippines: amgup, anayop, anayup, haraihai, haray-hai, kabatit
Japan, Vietnam. Perennial shrub, deciduous, many-branched, long slender arching branches, pinkish lavender berries
(Anti-amnesic and neuroprotective activities, remarkable cognitive-enhancing activity, alleviating certain memory impairment observed in Alzheimer’s disease.)
in English: Chinese beauty-berry, Japanese beautyberry, purple beauty berry
in China: bai tang zi zhu
in Japan: ko-murasaki
Vietnam. Edible berries
(Antimicrobial. Leaves mixed with coconut oil, applied to wounds, itches. Leaves as a fish poison.)
in Philippines: alinau, malasambong, palis, sulingasau, tambalabasi, tigau
China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines. Shrub, stem and branches densely stellate and dendritic hairy, chartaceous leaves variable, flowers bisexual in axillary cymes, calyx 4-toothed glandular, corolla purplish pink outside and white to pinkish inside, ovary globose glandular, globose purple drupes
(Leaves smoked for lung troubles, dyspnea. Crushed flower and leaf buds applied as a styptic to wounds. Root used as remedy for gonorrhea and as an emmenagogue, the whole plant to treat hepatitis. Fresh and crushed leaves used to stupefy fish, shrimp and eels. Insecticide.)
in English: Taiwan beauty berry
in China: du huong hua
in Philippines: anandhin, annoyop, anuyup, palis, talambasi, tigau, timbabasi, tuba, tubai-basi, tubang-dalag
in Vietnam: n[af]ng n[af]ng d[af]i loan
China. Shrub, yellow glands
(Pain-relieving, to treat rheumatic muscles and bones pains, traumatic injury, soft tissue injury, arthritis.)
in English: Girald beauty berry
in China: lao ya hu
China, Japan. Shrub, deciduous, branchlets and peduncles with extremely dense long branched hairs, opposite leaves chartaceous to subcoriaceous, small bisexual flowers in axillary cymes, corolla purple outside and white inside, white globose drupes, ripe fruit eaten
(Antioxidant.)
in English: white wild pear
in China: bai tang zi shu, pai t’ang tzu shu, pi pa ye zi zhu
India, SE Asia, Australia. An evergreen shrub or small tree, stem and branches densely stellate hairy, glandular leaves, calyx densely glandular, corolla rose white to purple, white or dark pink glandular fruit almost succulent, an extremely variable and polymorphic species
(Plant decoction as a postpartum remedy; young twigs decoction drunk for stomachache and diarrhea. Leaves decoction drunk in colic, diarrhea, after parturition and for fever; decoction gargled to treat toothache; leaves infusion drunk as a depurative after parturition. Leaves externally applied on wounds to an ulcerated mouth and to reduce fever, swellings and bruises; leaves juice for mouth infection in babies; leaf paste in coconut oil used locally for cuts, wounds and ulcers; leaves used for poulticing and for rubbing over the body in fever, and also applied to swellings; leaf paste of Callicarpa longifolia and Leea indica boiled in coconut oil and applied on severe cuts and wounds; pounded leaves an ingredient for a poultice to mature boils and ulcers. Roots infusion a remedy for syphilis and diarrhea; roots decoction drunk as a cure for fever, pneumonia, diarrhea and colic. Pounded leaves used to stupefy fish. Veterinary medicine, paste of stem bark applied on lesions of foot and mouth disease of cattle; leaf decoction given to pigs as antiemetic.)
in English: husked rice, long-leaf beauty berry, long-leaved callicarpa, white-berried Malayan lilac
in Borneo: sabar besi
in China: chang ye zi zhu, jian wei feng
in India: dhusre, dieng sohkailang, kin-vi-taong, kin-vi-ti, kin vitai, kinvitaong, rai
in Indonesia: dama besoi, katumpang, meniran sapi, meniran utan
in Malaysia: beti-beti, bute baa, karat besi, kuping besi, nasinasi, tampang besi, tampang besi puteh, tampoe besike, tampong besi, tulang besi
in Papua New Guinea: topapimanua, vuti mata
in Vietnam: t[uwr] ch[aa]u tr[aws]ng, t[uwr] ch[aa]u l[as] d[af]i
Thailand, China.
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Inner bark ground into a paste and applied on cuts and wounds as a hemostatic. Leaves antirheumatic, stomachic, warmed and applied. Fruit paste, or wood paste, used in the treatment of boils and blisters on the tongue. Fruits chewed to treat sores of the tongue and mouth. Seeds and roots stomachic; roots antirheumatic, stomachic.)
in English: big-leaf beauty berry
in China: da ye zi zhu
in India: anganaapriya, anganapriya, bhirmoli, bonmala, chimpompil, chinpompil, chokkala, cimpompil, dahiya, daia, daiya, daya, dayya, gandhaphali, gandhphali, gandhpriyangu, ghiwala, gnazhal, habb-ul-mihlb, huahkhar, kaantaa, kaantaahvaa, kanta, khap, mathara, mondol-panamana, nalal, nalalu, njaazhalpoovu, phalin, phalini, phool pirangu, priyaka, priyamgu, priyangu, priyangu beej, priyangu phool, priyangu puspha, priyanguka, priyangukaa, shyamaa, socu, syama, tong loti, vanita, vanitaa
in Nepal: dahigun, mala buru, tichangsa
in Tibet: ga ndha pri yam ku, gandha pri ya nku, gandha priya nku, pri-yam-ku, pri yan, pri-yan-ku
Callicarpa maingayi King & Gamble
Thailand. Tree, small trees, angled hairy twigs, leaves pale silvery hairy below, regular pale lilac flowers in cymes, red drupes
See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1908: 106. 1908
(Bark used as a substitute for betel.)
in Malaysia: tampang besi
India, China, Pen. Malaysia. Shrubs or small trees
(Disinfectant, antiseptic, dried leaves to treat suppurative skin infections and burns. Cytotoxic, antiviral activities against respiratory syncytial virus, RSV.)
in English: naked-flower beauty berry
in China: luo hua zi zhu
Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea. An evergreen shrub or small tree, stem and branches densely tomentose, leaves glandular, densely glandular calyx minutely 4-toothed, corolla purple or mauve, stamens exserted, pale mauve or violet-purple glandular fruits
in Indonesia: memeniran, meniran, ringan-ringan
Thailand, Malesia. Small tree
(Used for vertigo; ground bark used for swellings.)
Malay name: membatu puteh
Callicarpa rubella Lindl.
Himalaya. Shrub, erect, inflorescence axillary, flowers pink, fruits purple-violet, tender shoots cooked as vegetable
See Bot. Reg. 11: t. 883. 1825
(Bark to treat tumors of the large intestine. Leaf extract applied on injuries to stop bleeding.)
in China: hong zi zhu
in India: dieng lakhangwet, dieng lakso miaw, jalang kwai, mondol, nin rasu, soh eitksar, wazanu jaba
SE Asia, India. Small tree, fruits eaten raw
in English: great woolly Malayan lilac
in Bangladesh: taramah
in India: aarathi soppu, aardir, aardri, ardri, arthigidu, arti, ayamsar, bastra, bodiga chettu, cheruthekku, dodda naathada gida, doddanaathada gida, ibanne, ibbani, ibbanne, insara, isvar, kaarivaati, karavati, katkomal, kattukkumil, mashandari, naikumbil, nallapompil, nallarappalu, picenkala, pichenkala, pichenkale, pondee, pondi, puru, rishipathri, ruchi katthi, ruchipatri, rucipatri, seembakkulthu, temperuvallam, teregam, thinperivelum, timperuvellam, tomdikharvamti, tondatti, tondi, tondi-teregam, tonditeragam, tonditterakam, tonti, tontitterakam, uennattekka, umathekka, umathekku, urnnatekka, vettilai-pattai, vettilaipattai, vettilaippattai, yarphu-changne, yibbani
in Malaya: derdap dapur, tumah dapur
Calligonum L. Polygonaceae
Calligonum azel Maire
Sahara, Tunisia. Shrub, many-branched, small white flowers
See Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 1932, xxiii. 211. 1932, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 97. 1974
(Antifungal, for eczema, itch.)
in Sahara: annag
Egypt, North Africa. Tall woody shrub, perennial, psammophil, many-branched from the base, stiff branches, small tepals, conspicuous red anthers, fruit a single circular hairy carpel, fresh flowers eaten, camels eat the filaments and the roots
(Antifungal, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, cytotoxic and antioxidant, for stomach ailments; roots decoction for gum sores; for eczema, itch, young shoots and leaves powdered used externally as an ointment; stems and leaves chewed for curing toothache. Veterinary medicine, to treat scabies in dromedaries.)
in English: orta tree
in Arabic: abal, arach, aresu, âresû, arta, ârta, arta’a, awarach, âwarâs, larta, orta, orti, ouarach
in Sahara: warash
China, Turkestan.
(Antioxidant, from the dried aerial parts. Plant poultice an antidote against poisonous harmful plants and heavy doses of opium.)
in China: dan zhi sha guai zao
Calligonum polygonoides L.
India. Evergreen xerophytic shrub, red roots, small succulent fruits, tender green phyllodes fodder for camels
(Used in Ayurveda. Plant decoction antifungal, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, a gargle for sore gums. Flower buds effective in treating sun stroke.)
in English: desert locust, orta tree
in India: phog, phoga, phogaro, phoglo, phogro, sphurjaka
Callilepis DC. Asteraceae
South Africa. Perennial herb, tufted, large woody tuberous rootstock, simple or branched from the base, ray florets pure white, dark purple disc-florets tubular
in English: ox-eye daisy, pine thistle
in Southern Africa: amafuthomhlaba, ihlamvu, impila, imPila, mila, wildemargriet
Callilepis leptophylla Harv.
South Africa. Erect, slender herb, terminal flower-head usually solitary
See Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 22(6): 641-649. 2000
(Veterinary medicine, roots ground to a paste for killing maggots in cattle.)
in English: velvet sweetberry
in South Africa: bergbitterbossie, imphila, imphilane, impila
Callirhoe Nutt. Malvaceae
After Kallirhoe or Callirrhoe ‘fair flow, beautiful flowing’, one of the Oceanids, in the Greek mythology the daughter of the river god Achelous and wife of Alcmaeon, see Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2(1): 181-182. 1822.
North America. Perennial herb
See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 226. 1838, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series 4(1): 16, adnot. 1849
(Root decoction taken for colic, abdominal pain.)
in English: purple poppy mallow
Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. involucrata ( Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray f. novomexicana (Baker f.) Waterf.; Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray var. novomexicana Baker f.)
North America. Perennial herb
(Analgesic root decoction taken for colic, abdominal pain.)
in English: purple poppy mallow, purple poppymallow
Callitropsis Oerst. Cupressaceae
Mexico, Guatemala. Evergreen, fast-growing, straight trunk, bark red-brown
(Diuretic.)
in English: Mexican cypress, Portuguese cypress
in East Africa: mtarakwa (Chagga), muturakawa (Kikuyu), omobakora (Kisii)
North America.
(Analgesic, for cold, cough.)
Calluna Salib. Ericaceae
Greek kallunein, kallyno ‘to sweep, adorn, cleanse’, the branches are used as brooms; see R.A. Salisbury, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Botany. 6: 317, in obs. 1802.
Europe.
(Antioxidant.)
in English: common heather, heather, Scotch heather, Scottish heather, white heather
Caloncoba Gilg Flacourtiaceae
West Tropical Africa. Tree, seeds eaten
(Bark pain-killer, inner bark and leaves for headache. Seed oil for subcutaneous parasitic infection, skin diseases, crawcraw and scrofula.)
in Ivory Coast: butue, dolié, dule
in Liberia: kene kene, kênê kênê, klehn
in Sierra Leone: gene, kene, kenne, kenye
Tropical Africa. Shrub or small tree, perennial, erect, wood very hard, stiff wavy leaves, small white flowers with yellow center, yellow spiny ripe fruits, fruit pulp edible, seeds sweet and oily
(Fruits and leaves for sores, skin eruptions and inflammation. Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, pustular eruptions, malaria and skin infections, toothache. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles. Seeds insecticide, arachnicide, pounded seeds against lice and mange.)
in English: elephant’s comb
in Cameroon: gorli
in Ghana: esono ankyi, gbogble, marhebomuane, obafufu, okyere, orbafufu, wanka
in Guinea: kuêuéui
in Ivory Coast: gbétélibé, katupo
in Liberia: dooh, flanchu
in Nigeria: gorli, kakandika, otiemme, udara-nwewe
in Sierra Leone: fen-kone, goli, gorli, kẻ-nanafira, komehumda, kulukenyo, kumin-kanya, kumin-kone, nikawumbi, nyanyando
in Paraguay: chamulgra
Sierra Leone. Shrub or small tree, straggling, thorny, arching branches, fragrant white flowers
See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 5(12): 1164-1166. 1905, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40(3): 460-461. 1908
(Antidote to poison, purgative.)
in Ghana: asratoa, aweawu, efiohle, gbogble, kotowiri, nwoantia, okyere, sissiru
in Ivory Coast: kauanunguessé
in Nigeria: iroko-ojo
in Sierra Leone: gene, kenye, kokwi, singo
in Togo: efiohle
Nigeria. Small tree, edible orange-yellow spiny fruits, shining black seeds with a red aril
(Hydrocyanic acid in the leaves, bark and roots. Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, yaws, pustular eruptions, venereal diseases, malaria and skin infections, toothache. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles; leaf sap pain killer. Seeds insecticide, rodenticide, arachnicide; leaf decoction to kill fleas. Bark root astringent; root decoction drunk and root ash rubbed on areas of edema. Magic, ritual, leaf sap to keep the spirits of the dead away.)
in Ghana: asratoa
in Ivory Coast: boua, dédébroguissé
in Nigeria: gorli, kakandika, kankan dika, kánkán dìká, ntuebi, oru kpakokwa, otiemme, otienme, otiosa, pomuseghe, udalā ènwè, udallaenwe, udara-nwewe
in Sierra Leone: bewo, boku, fulo, fulo-kpokpo, hengwa, maiyungbe, ngaingainge, sime, toya-hina, xaienyi
Tropical Africa. Tree, white flowers, fruit eaten by monkeys
(Bark decoction febrifuge, to dress sores. Powdered root sedative, astringent, made into snuff for head colds, nasopharyngeal affections and headache.)
in Central African Republic: mwangalé, mwangali
Tropical Africa. Small tree or shrub, white flowers
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 463. 1908, Adansonia sér. 3, 19: 260. 1997
(Bark vermifuge.)
in Congo: n’sendesende, osendesende
Tropical Africa. Small tree, scented white flowers, prickly fruits, elephants eat leaves, monkeys and elephants eat fruit
See Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 117. 1868 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 462. 1908
(Seed oil used for the treatment of leprosy, skin infections. Leaves for dropsy, edema, swellings, gout; leaf sap pain killer. Leafy twig tonic, laxatives, used for smallpox, chicken pox, measles. Seeds insecticide, repellent, arachnicide. Hydrocyanic acid the in leaves, bark and roots. Dried powdered seeds poisonous.)
in Central African Republic: esoko, gbegolo, isoko
in Congo: nteela
in Gabon: ditouk di kari, niam ‘n ‘gom
in Tanzania: muwabo
Calotropis R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)
Nepal, India and Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Tanzania, Kenya. Tall shrub or small tree, stout, erect, suffrutescent, succulent, woody stem, milky sap, blue-gray purple or red-flowered, corona with 5 narrow fleshy scales, ovoid boat-shaped inflated recurved turgid follicles mostly in pairs, silky hairy seeds
in English: asclepiad tree, bowstring-hemp, crown flower, crown plant, giant Indian milkweed, giant milkweed, giant milky weed, gigantic swallow wort, madar, madar flower, milkweed, mudar
in East Africa: mpumbula
in China: niu jiao gua
in India: aak, aakdo, aank, aarka, ab shir madar, aditya, aekka, aekka maale, aekki gida, ag, aharbandhava, aharmani, aharpati, ahauna, ahgaram, ak, aka, akado, akan, akanak, akanda, akaona, akarai, akari, akahua, akda, akda cha jhada, akda nu jhada, akdachajhada, akdamu-jhada, akdo, ake, akh, akh ke phool, akom, akom aring, akon, akona, akond, akond mul, akondo, akra, akro, akuan, alacikacceti, alacikam, alagar, alakam, alal, alark, alarka, alarkah, alarpal, amarkkam, ancolam, angkot, ank, arak arak mara, arakh, arakha, arakho gatch, arakkam, arakkanceti, arakkaparani, ariccunam, ark, arka, arka-gida, arka vrikshaha, arkagatch, arkah (= sun), arkamu, arkavrikshaha, arkkam, arkku, arkopathra, aruccanam, aruccunam, aruccunanceti, aruchunam, arukkam, arukkan, arukku, arulagam, arulakam, aryama, ashur, asphotaka, atittiyam, attaticai, attaticam, attiaticaicceti, aush shar, aushar, badabadam, belerica, belericu, bhanu, bhaskara, bij-elosha, bikkortono, bili ekkada gida, buggejilor, buka, bukam, burg akh taza, byclospa, caikattilam, calaippota, campalam, cantamani, cantamanicceti, cantamappam, cantamayam, catakacuriyan, catakam, catalacceti, catalam, catam, catanapam, cataparikacceti, cataparikam, catapatalam, catapatam, catappan, cataputacceti, cataputam, cataputpam, cataputpi, cayitakam, ciraccatam, cirapiraneci, citaputpakam, civavallapam, cukalavi, cukapala, cukapalai, cukapalam, curam, curi, curiyanam, curiyanvintu, curiyapputu, cuvetakucumam, cuvetakucumoppi, dhavi rui, dholaakdo, diensam, dinesam, divakar, ekayitcakam, ekka, ekkai, ekkamale, ekke, ekkemale, ela wara, eri, ericu, erikalan, erikka, erikku, erukka, erukkalai, erukkam, erukkam ver, erukkampal, erukkan, erukkanceti, erukkila pacha, erukkin veru, erukku, eruku, ganarupa, gul madar, gule akh taza, gurt-akand, haridashva, hela wara, himarati, irumpunirricceti, irupunirri, itcika, jambhala, jilledu, jilledu-chettu, jilleru, jillidi, kadrati, kanaripam, kanatipam, kantali, karagh, karak, karccakkinam, kari aekkada gida, karnam, katiccavaytutaiccan, katiravan, katterumai, katterumaikkalli, kattila, kharak, kharjjughna, khark, khok, kirtanuphala, kokarunai, kokaruni, kotuki, kshiradala, kshirakandaka, kshiranga, kshiraparni, kutiketan, lal-akara, lal madar, lal-rui, lalak, lalakava, lalmadar, lalrui, lippacitacceti, lippacitam, madar, madar aak, makam, makkam, makkika, makkikacceti, malaipparutimaram, manakkovi, mandaara, mandaaramu, mandara, mandaramu, mandarasu, manotayam, mantaracu, mantaracucceti, mantaram, marttantacceti, marttantam, marttantan, marufu, mayo bin, mhatari, mir-dukathe, mirugusayi-dagam, mirugusayidagam, mirukacayitakam, mirukucayittakam, moto aak, moto akdo, muda, mudar, mudhar, mutitamaram, naccilaikkurikacceti, nalla jelledu, nallajilledu, natakinkanam, nattam, nattappalai, nattappila, nattappiraki, nattappirakicceti, nella-jilledu, nellajeleroo, nellajilledo, nilavukay, nilavukaycceti, nilledu, nohanoakdo, nubam, numsubamoli, numsubatong, numsungbatong, nupakacceti, nupakam, nupam, nuttam, orko, oschor, oshmor, oshor, pachajilledu, pacupataki, pacupatakicceti, pacupatasai, pacupatatai, pakavanati, palaikkaraviki, palati, palti, pamotayam, patladudha, phunder, pogojirol, prabhakara, pratapa, pratapasa, puchhi, pumikuruvakam, putanivaranicceti, raachajilledu, racajilledu, racha-jilledu, rachajilledu, rato-akdo, ratsajilledu, ravi, rhui, roghan gul akh, rui, rupika, ruvi, sadabadam, sadabudam, sadapushpa, sadapuspi, sadapyshpa, sadasuma, safed aak, safed aakdo, safed-ak, safedakra, safed akvan, safed datura, safed ok, safedak, saptashva, savita, sevverukku, shir madar, shitapushpaka, shiy-aak, shri madar, shukaphala, shweta arka, siyam, spalmai, sukaphala, sunu, suriyam, surya pattra, suryapattra, suryavgha, suvedagusuman, svaytaurkum, swet-akonda, swet-aurkum, tanalam, tanali, tanalicceti, tapana, tarani, tella-jilledu, tella jilledu, tellajilledoo, tellajilledu, tevanati, thellajilledu, tirkkaputpam, tirkkaputpi, titamai, tittai, tulapalam, tulaphala, tuntakkini, tutaiccavam, tutaiccavay, tutaiccuvacceti, udumbaram, ulurka, urkkovi, uruk, urukku, ushar, ushnarashmi, uste, utumparakacceti, utumparakam, utumparam, vacciram, vacciramuli, vantumuli, vara, vara gaha, varkkam, vasuka, vellaarike, vellaiyerukku, vellerikku, vellerukkam poo, vellerukku, vetanatam, vibhakara, vibhavasu, vicaram, viccai, viccananta, viccanta, viccaranti, viccaranticceti, vicittirakam, vikiram, vikorana, vikshira, vikuri, vikuricceti, viruntam, virutam, vittirakam, vivasvana, vivaswana, vungdamdawi, wara, yakkeda gida, yekka, yekkada, yekkadagida, yekkadagida, yekkadaguda, yekkamali, yekkamalle, yekke, yekkemale, yercum, yerica, yerika, yerikan, yerikkan, yerkum, yerrikku, yerriku, yerukku, yokada
in Indonesia: bidhuri, rubik, sidaguri
in Laos: dok hak, dok kap, kok may
Malayan names: berduri, kemengu, lembegah, merigu, rembega, remiga, remigu
in Myanmar: maioh, mayo, mayo-beng, mayo-bin, mayo-mayo-pin, mayo-pin, mayoe-gyi
in Nepal: aank, akanda, auk, madar, yak
in the Philippines: kapal-kapal, mudar
in Thailand: po thuean, paan thuean, rak
in Tibetan: a rga, a-rka, shri-khanda
in Vietnam: bong bong, b[oof]ng b[oof]ng, coc may, la hen, l[as] hen, nam ti ba, nam t[if] b[af]
India, Sudan, Egypt, Madagascar East Africa. Shrub or small tree, erect, compact, glaucous, soft woody stems many-branched at the base, covered with cottony tomentum, milky white sap, smooth coriaceous roundish leaves, white-flowered, corolla greenish-white outside, petals maroon-violet tipped inside, smooth turgid green recurved kidney-shaped follicles often in pairs, tufted seeds airborne, scented
in English: apple of Sodom, cotton leaf, Dead Sea apple, Dead Sea fruit, English cotton, French cotton, giant milk-weed, milkweed, mudar plant, Sodom apple, swallow wort
in Arabic: achur, ashkar, baranbakh, eshar, esshero, kerenka, koruga, korunka, krenka, ngeyi, ochar, ‘oshar, oshar, oshur, rhalga, torcha, tourza, turdja, turja, turjé, ushar
in China: bai hua niu jiao gua
in India: aak, aakdo, aakra, aakro, adityapushpika, ag, ak, akada phool, akado, akan, akand, akanda, akaro, akaua, akauvya, akda cha jhada, akda nu jhada, akdo, akh, akha, akhra, akond, akondo, akra, alarka, alarkah, angot, ankado, ankda, ankota, arakh, arakha, arka, arka vrikshaha, arkah, arkaparna, arkavrikshaha, asphota, aush shar, aushar, bhanu, bili aekka, bili aekkada gida, bili yekkada gida, bimbora, dirghpushpa, dudla, erikku, erra jilledu, erukka, erukkam, erukku, ganarupaka, jilledu, jilledu-chettu, kashthila, kempu akkadagida, kempu ekka, kharak, khark, kkarak, ksiraparna, madar, manar, mandaaramu, mandara, mandaramu, mayo bin, mhatari, mir-hu-chau, mudar, nallajilledu, nano akdo, palati akwan, pashkand, path akhwan, pratapa, rajarka, rakta arka, raktarka, ravi, rui, rupika, sadapushpa, sadapushpi, safed ak, safedak, shakar al lighal, shambhu, sharkarapushpa, shitakarka, shuklaphala, shveta, shvetarka, sishakanda, spalmak, spalwakka, spulmei, tapana, tulaphala, uruko, ushar, vara, vara gaha, vasuka, vedha, vellai erukkan, vellai erukku, vellerku, vellerukku, vikirana, vrittamallika, yakkeda gida, yerra jilledu
in Laos: dok hak, dok kap, kok may
Malayan names: lembega, rembega
in Nepal: aank
in Pakistan: ak, arrigh, karak, kark
in Tibet: a rga i rtsa ba, a rgai rtsa ba
in Vietnam: bong-bong, b[oof]ng b[oof]ng, bong qui, l[as] nh[or]
in East Africa: ararat, bohr, etethero, kihuta, mpamba mwitu, mpumbula, mufuthu, okwotpu; etetheru (Turkana), labechi (Samburu), muvuthu (Kamba)
in Gambia: bawane, faftan, kupampan
in Ghana: a-gbo-loba, owula kofi ba, polipoli, unablapong, wolaporhu, wolapugo, wutsoe-wutsoe
in Guinea: mpompomogolo, nguyo
in Ivory Coast: furo fogo, ganganpi, niapi djara, nopiada, togo fogo, tumo tigi
in Kenya: etesuro
in Mali: bamanbé, bandambi, bauane, bawane, komitigi, korunka, krunka, mpompomogolo, ngoyo, nguyo, nyeyi, pobu, pomponpogolo, tezera, tirza, tomitigi, toreha, torha, toucha, tourha, tourjé, turdja, turia, tursha
in Mauritania: achur, kerenka, korunka, taurja, tourjé, turdja, turja, turjé
in Niger: bamanbé, bandambi, bauane, eshar, esshero, kayio, koruga, kulunhun, lifini, ochar, oshar, rhalga, tezera, tirza, toreha, torha, toucha, tourha, tourjé, tumfafia, tursha
in Nigeria: babambi, bambambele, bambambi, bambami, bembambi, bomubomu, kayou, kupa, papawea, pwom pwomohi, tumfafiya, tumpaapahi, ushar
in Sahara: turge
in Senegal: achur, babadi, bamabi, bamanbé, bamanbi-bauwami, bandambi, bauane, bawam bawam, bawoam, bodafor, bombardeira, bomborderu, borderu, bupumba pumb, faftan, fafton, kerenka, korunka, kupapa, mbadafot, mbontal, paftan, tulumpa, turdja, turjé, ushar
in Sierra Leone: puu-vande
in Sudan: oshar
in Tanzania: mpamba mwitu
in Togo: inawokodu, kudjohe, tambutiji, tschofu, tshawou
in Upper Volta: diawara, furo fogo, ganganpi, hurègo, niapi djara, potu, putrempugu, putru pouga, puwo, tomfania, tomo n’déké, tumo tigi
Calpocalyx Harms Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae, Mimosoideae)
Calpocalyx aubrevillei Pellegr.
Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast. Perennial non-climbing tree, seeds edible after cooking, sometimes confused with Calpocalyx brevibracteatus
See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80: 467. 1933
(Pounded seeds mixed with palm oil made into a paste applied to treat women’s breasts troubles.)
Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Harms
Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone to Cameroon. Perennial non-climbing tree, hollow branches, papery leaves, pinkish to orange flowers, inflorescence axillary or terminal, strongly flattened woody dehiscent pod, seeds edible after cooking
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(Mém. 8d): 155. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912]
(Crushed bark applied to treat sores, a mouthwash; inner bark used as stomachic.)
in Ghana: kotoprepre, samanta, tre-tre
in Ivory Coast: pétépré
in Liberia: kpu-ah
Nigeria, Cameroon. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, yellow-cream flowers, sometimes confused with Calpocalyx klainei Pierre ex Harms
(Powdered bark applied to wounds.)
in Gabon: mississe
Calpocalyx heitzii Pellegrin
Tropical Africa, Gabon. Perennial non-climbing tree, canopy tree, inflorescence an axillary pendent spike, dehiscent pods
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 84: 643. 1938 [1937 publ. 1938]
(Antiseptic, for skin diseases, venereal diseases.)
in Cameroon: amia, bebamme, bon, endoa, motoudon, miama, ékang, minsi
in Central Africa: mississé
in Gabon: koumaouma, mbôngo, miama, moamba
Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Perennial non-climbing tree
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(Mém. 8d): 156. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912]
(Powdered bark used as an anodyne.)
in Cameroon: amia, bebamme, bon, endoa, miama, motoudon
in Central Africa: mississé
in Gabon: miama
Caltha L. Ranunculaceae
Caltha alba Cambess.
India, Kashmir.
See Species Plantarum 1: 558. 1753, The Flora of British India 40. 1855
(Whole plant made into a paste applied locally in rheumatism. Roots decoction for high fever. Leaves extract applied to the shoulders and neck for muscular pain. A source of ganja.)
in India: traker
North America. Herb, perennial, erect, fleshy, white bluish flowers, erect clusters of follicles
(Whole plant toxic, poisonous, strongly irritant; antispasmodic and expectorant, applied to wounds, warts.)
in English: mountain marsh-marigold, western marsh marigold, white marshmarigold
North America, India, China. Herb, perennial, erect or sprawling, sepals yellow or orange, red seeds
(Whole plant toxic only if large quantities eaten, poisonous, acrid, strongly irritant, sap can irritate sensitive skin, raw root or leaves should not be eaten. Roots anodyne, acrid, antispasmodic, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, emetic, astringent, laxative, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient, to treat colds, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, warts, sores, itching, constipation, headache, diarrhea, anemia. Magic, a protection against love charms. Veterinary medicine, powdered leaves used to keep maggots out of cattle wounds.)
in English: american cowslip, buttercup, colt’s foot, cow-flock, cowslip, ground ivy, king’s-cup, kingcup, kingcups, mare-blebs, mare-blobs, marsh-marigold, May blob, may-blob, meadow bright, meadow bouts, palsywort, water-blobs, water bouts, water dragon, yellow marsh marigold
in North America: populage des marais, soucis d’eau
in China: lu ti cao, ma ti ye
in India: baringun, mamiri, maniru, traker
Caltha palustris L. var. alba (Cambess.) Hook. f. & Thomson ( Caltha alba Cambess.; Caltha alba Jacquem.)
India. Perennial herbs, rootstock thick, reniform cordate leaves
See Species Plantarum 1: 558. 1753, The Flora of British India 40. 1855
(Whole plant made into a paste applied locally in rheumatism. Roots decoction for high fever. Leaves extract applied to the shoulders and neck for muscular pain.)
in India: traker
North America, India, China. Perennial herb, erect or sprawling, sepals yellow or orange
(Whole plant toxic, poisonous, acrid, strongly irritant, sap can irritate sensitive skin, raw root or leaves should not be eaten.)
in English: american cowslip, buttercup, colt’s foot, cow-flock, cowslip, ground ivy, king’s-cup, kingcup, kingcups, mare-blebs, mare-blobs, marsh-marigold, May blob, may-blob, meadow bright, meadow bouts, palsywort, water-blobs, water bouts, water dragon, yellow marsh marigold
in North America: populage des marais, soucis d’eau
Calvoa Hook. f. Melastomataceae
See Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 732, 755. 1867.
Tropical Africa. Herb or shrub, subshrub, succulent, pink-purple corolla
(Roots poison antidote, tonic, diuretic.)
Calycobolus Willd. ex J.A. Schultes Convolvulaceae
Gabon, Cameroon. Liane, woody vine, climbing, white corolla, calyx green and purple
(Aphrodisiac, febrifuge.)
Calylophus Spach Onagraceae
North America. Perennial subshrub, herb
(Hemostat, for internal bleeding.)
in English: Hartweg’s sundrops
Calylophus hartwegii (Benth.) P.H. Raven subsp. fendleri (A. Gray) Towner & P.H. Raven ( Galpinsia hartwegii var. fendleri (A. Gray) Small; Oenothera fendleri A. Gray; Oenothera hartwegii subsp. fendleri (A. Gray) W.L. Wagner & Hoch; Oenothera hartwegii Benth. var. fendleri (A. Gray) A. Gray)
North America. Perennial subshrub, herb
(Hemostat, for internal bleeding.)
in English: Hartweg’s sundrops
Calypso Salisb. Orchidaceae
In honor of the nymph Calypso or Kalypso, daughter of Atlas and Queen of Ogygia, where Odysseus was shipwrecked, referring to the rarity or to the habitat of this orchid.
Subarctic & Temp. northern Hemisphere. Perennial herb, erect, tuber geophyte, single sweet-scented nodding magenta flower, bulb eaten raw or cooked
(Antispasmodic, anticonvulsive. Magic, charm.)
in English: fairy slipper, fairyslipper orchid
Calyptranthes Sw. Myrtaceae
Tropical America, West Indies. Tree or shrub, petals absent, 1-2 seeded red purple-black fruits
(For skin diseases, stomachic, astringent.)
in English: myrtle-of-the-river
Calystegia R. Br. Convolvulaceae
Norfolk Island. Creeper, twining
See Prodromus Florae Norfolkicae 51. 1833 and Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 28(4): 711. 1903 (publ. 1904)
(For treating chickenpox.)
in Samoa: lautafifi
North America. Perennial vine, herb
(Roots decoction taken for gonorrhea.)
in English: Paiute false bindweed
Calystegia occidentalis (A. Gray) Brummitt subsp. fulcrata (A. Gray) Brummitt ( Calystegia fulcrata (A. Gray) Brummitt; Convolvulus fulcratus (A. Gray) Greene; Convolvulus luteolus A. Gray var. fulcratus A. Gray; Convolvulus luteolus (Jacq.) Spreng. var. fulcratus A. Gray)
North America. Perennial vine, herb
(Aphrodisiac.)
in English: chaparral false bindweed
Cosmopolitan. Perennial vine, climber, creeping, twining, trailing, flexible, fleshy creeping rhizome, white funnel-shaped flowers, globose capsule, noxious weed, see also Convolvulus sepium
(Root demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, strongly purgative, potentially dangerous.)
in English: bear bind, bindweed, bracted bindweed, devil’s guts, devil’s vine, great bindweed, greater bindweed, hedge bindweed, hedge false bindweed, hedge glory bind, hedge-lily, hedge morning-glory, hedgebell, large bindweed, lily-bind, milk convolvulus, old man’s cap, Rutland beauty, wild morning-glory
Maori names: pohue, pohuhe
in China: hsuan hua, ou xuan hua
in South Americva: campanillas de lomas
SE Asia, China. Found growing on sandy seashores
in English: sea bindweed
in China: shen ye da wan hua
in Japan: hama-hiru-gao
(The juice which oozes from the stalks and root hardens into a type of resin and is used as a purge.)
Cameraria L. Apocynaceae
Tropical America. Tree, deciduous, monoecious, white latex, short stout trunk, stout branches, small dark green leaves, white flowers in terminal few flowered corymbose cymes
(Poisonous, blistering milky juice, irritant and toxic, burning and severe inflammation of the skin from contact with the sap.)
in English: bastard manchineel, savanna poison wood, savanna white poison wood, white poison wood
in China: ya dan hua
in Central America: bois lait, bwa lèt, chechém de caballo, chechén, chechén de caballo, maboa, laitier
Campanula L. Campanulaceae
North America. Erect, herbaceous, hollow, slightly winged, milky sap, thick roots, corolla blue-purple, axillary flowers in upper portion of stems, flowers subtended by 3 foliaceous bracts, stigma purple slightly curved at apex
(For pulmonary ailments, cough, tuberculosis.)
in English: American bellflower, tall bellflower
North America. Perennial herb, tangling, weak, short hooking bristles, pale blue to white flowers solitary nodding long-stalked funnel-shaped
(Emetic, pectoral. Stem decoction taken to induce childbirth.)
in English: bedstraw flower, eastern marsh bellflower, marsh bellflower, marsh harebell, small vine
North America. Perennial herb, erect, slender, very numerous drooping flowers in compound panicles, corolla light blue, style long exserted
See Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 109. 1803, Castanea 20: 60. 1955
(Antidiarrheal, root infusion.)
in English: Appalachian bellflower, small bonny, small bonny bellflower, southern bellflower, southern bluebell, southern harebell
Italy.
See Giorn. Fis. II. vii. 44, 98. 1824, Gard. Chron., III, 26: 96, 126. 1899
(Dermatitis, skin eruptions due to local irritants.)
Europe, Himalaya. Perennial herb, clump-forming, light blue flower
(Flowers emetic.)
in English: bellflower, giant bellflower, great bellflower, large campanula, wide-leaved bellflower
Europe, Belgium. Evergreen herb
(Dermatitis, contact sensitivity, skin eruptions due to local irritants. For throat problems.)
in English: Canterbury bells
India, Himalaya.
(Stem decoction taken by women to induce childbirth.)
North America. Perennial, single purple erect flower
(Root antiphlogistic, applied to bruises, skin ailments. Plant taken for women’s problems; dried plant to treat sores.)
in English: blue flower, harebell, Idaho bellflower, Parry’s bellflower
Europe. Perennial
(Antiinflammatory, to treat inflammatory diseases and/or wounds, also a cure for hydrophobia.)
in English: creeping bellflower, German rampion
Argentina, Europe. Perennial herb, erect, stiff, variable leaves, flowers reddish purplish, leaf rosettes and fleshy roots eaten
(Astringent, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, alterative, lactagogue, vulnerary, for warts.)
in English: rampion, rampion bellflower
North America, Europe. Perennial herb, taprooted, erect, round basal leaves, deep purplish blue nodding flowers in racemes, sepals spreading, deer resistant
(Antifungal, anti-depressant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiviral, sedative, disinfectant. Root chewed for heart and lung problems, an infusion used as ear drops. Magic, ceremonial, associated with fairies and witches, the juice was an element in some of the witches ‘flying ointments’, rubbed on the body of those bothered by witches.)
in English: aul man’s bells, bellflower, blaewort, blaver, blue blavers, bluebell, bluebell of Scotland, cuckoo’s hood, cuckoo’s thimbles, dead man’s bells, dead men’s bells, devil’s bells, fairies’ thimbles, harebell, lady’s thimble, milk-ort, thimbles, old man’s bells, Scotch bellflower, Scottish blue-bell, witch bells, witch’s thimbles
Northern hemisphere, North America. Perennial herb, taprooted, erect or decumbent, small blue solitary flowers slightly nodding at anthesis, narrow sepals and five fused bell-shaped campanulate petals
(Ceremonial, ritual.)
in English: alpine bluebell, arctic bellflower
Campanumoea Blume Campanulaceae
Himalaya, Japan. Perennial climber, herbaceous vine, flowers light yellowish-green
(Roots diuretic, expectorant, lactogenic, stomachic, used for anemia, jaundice, dyspepsia, diarrhea, nephritis, hemorrhoids, edema and diseases of the lymphatic system.)
Campnosperma Thwaites Anacardiaceae
India, Indonesia. Trees, flat-topped crown, inner bark reddish, spiral arrangements of the leaves, unisexual flowers, reddish-purple drupe
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 41. 1876
(Wood sap may cause dermatitis, sap from the wood can be harmful to people. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.)
in English: terentang-oil
in Borneo: hamtangen, manlanga, tapau
in Indonesia: madang rimuëng
in Malaysia: serantang, serentang, telatang, telatang pelanuk, terentang, terentang daun besar
Indonesia, Pacific.
(Oil, mixed with soot, an application to the body in order to give protection from lice and fleas. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.)
in English: tigaso-oil
See Malayan Miscellanies 2(7): 65. 1822 and Fl. Males. Bull. 1(3): 74. 1948
(The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis. Antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and antitrypanosomal.)
in Borneo: terentang paya, terenteng
in Malaysia: ambacang rawang, cedrol, hotong otan, huasum, kaauwe, kelinting, melumut, meranti daun lebar, nangprong, oreywood, paul lebu, sangtrang, serentang, terentang, terentang malung, terentang simpoh, tumus, terentang kelintang
SE Asia.
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 41. 1876
(The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis.)
in Malaysia: serantang, serentang, telatang, telatang, terentang
Campnosperma minus Corner
SE Asia, Malaysia.
See Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 10: 255. 1939
(The wood sap of this tree may cause dermatitis.)
Common name: terentang jantang
South America. Tree, erect, straight, watery latex, stilt roots, greenish cream flowers
(The plant showed good or very good antiprotozoal activity in vitro, antimalarial and leishmanicidal.)
in English: orey wood
in South America: auree, aures, hoary, laulu, miskitia, nusmas, orey, ori, ori-gria, orin, sajo, vaquerá
Campsis Lour. Bignoniaceae
China, Japan. Woody vine, creeping, scandent, deciduous, few aerial roots, large orange-red trumpet shaped flowers grouped in terminal clusters, flattened pods, winged seeds
(Used in Ayurveda. Pollen considered harmful to humans. Flowers antioxidative, antiinflammatory, carminative, depurative, diuretic, abortifacient, tonic and febrifuge, emmenagogue, used for women’s complaints, diabetes, acne, inflammation related to skin disorders, acute skin inflammation; flowers decoction for menstrual disorders, rheumatoid pains, traumatic injuries, difficult urination, itching. Flowers, leaves and roots used to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis in diseases caused by blood stagnation; flowers and leaves antidiabetic; leaves with pesticidal, larvicidal and insecticidal activities.)
in English: Chinese trumpet creeper, Chinese trumpet flower, Chinese trumpet vine, Indian trumpet creeper, trumpet creeper, trumpet vine
in China: ling hsiao, ling hsiao hua, ling tiao, ling xiao, ling xiao hua, tzu wei
in India: delaun, rohitakalata
in Japan: nôzen-kazura
in Nepal: ghata puspa lata
North America. Woody vine, tubular orange-yellow to red flowers in clusters, elongated slender capsule with many winged seeds
(Leaves and flowers poisonous, low toxicity if eaten; skin irritation with redness and swelling.)
in English: cow-itch, trumpet creeper, trumpet honeysuckle, trumpet vine
Camptosema Hook. & Arn. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)
Camptosema paraguariense (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl. var. parviflorum Hassl. ( Camptosema paraguariense Hassl. var. parviflorum Hassl.)
South America. Shrub
(A contraceptive, the decoction of leaves, branches and roots.)
Camptotheca Decne. Cornaceae (Nyssaceae)
China.
(A major natural source of the terpenoid indole alkaloid camptothecin, two semi-synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, are currently prescribed as anticancer drugs.)
in English: China’s tree of joy
Campylandra Baker Asparagaceae (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae)
India, Himalaya. Erect herb
(Flowers cooked as vegetable and eaten as a postpartum remedy and blood purifier, to cure general body pain, diabetes. Roots febrifuge.)
in India: nakima, thullo nakima
Campylotropis Bunge Fabaceae (Desmodieae, Leguminosae)
China.
(Whole plant used for treating strokes, influenza, nephritis and skin diseases. Ointment.)
in China: ma niao teng
China. Shrub, purple corolla
(Root febrifuge.)
in China: xi nan hang zi shao
China.
(Dried roots used for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia. Immunosuppressive activity.)
Campylotropis pinetorum (Kurz) Schindl. subsp. velutinum (Dunn) H. Ohashi ( Campylotropis pinetorum (Kurz) Schindl. subsp. velutina (Dunn) H. Ohashi; Campylotropis velutina (Dunn) Schindler; Campylotropis velutina Schindler; Lespedeza pinetorum auct. non Kurz; Lespedeza velutina Dunn; Millettia cavaleriei H. Lév.)
China. Perennial non-climbing shrub
(Root astringent and pain reliever.)
in China: mian nan hang zi shao, rong mao hang zi shao
China. Shrub, pink flowers, fodder for cattle
(Root used for reducing fever, promoting diuresis, expelling phlegm and as a pain reliever.)
in China: sa gen ti hang zi shao, xiao que hua
in Tibet: ji jo, jiong nie, jion nie peng
Nepal, Bhutan. Perennial non-climbing shrub, many-branched, pink or purple flowers in axillary or terminal spikes, flowers boiled and pickled
(Bark juice antiinflammatory, antiseptic, applied to treat cuts and wounds.)
in China: mei li hang zi shao
in Nepal: sakhino, sakino
China. Shrub, yellowish flowers
(Whole plant used for reducing fever and relieving coughs. Root for treating mastitis and stroke.)
in China: san leng zhi hang zhi shao
Cananga (DC.) Hook.f. & Thomson Annonaceae
Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia. Tree, grey shaggy bark, alternate soft velvety aromatic leaves, inflorescence a raceme with fragrant flowers, sepals 3, lanceolate greenish petals, fruit of many separate hairy carpels, flowers can be used like those of ylang-ylang
(Wood infusion febrifuge, antiplasmodial; bark a remedy for dizziness.)
in Cambodia: chker sreng
in China: da ye yi lan
in Laos: may ka seng
in Malaysia: kenanga, tho shui tree
in Thailand: khae saeng, nao, raap, sakae saeng
in Vietnam: c[aa]y tai nghe, th[oo]m shui, s[uw] t[aa]y
Australia, Pacific islands, SE Asia. Tree, evergreen, straggling, pendulous, pale yellow-green sweetly fragrant flowers on short leafless axillary shoots, flowers hang in loose bunches, fruits dark green, brown seeds embedded in yellow oily pulp
(Used in Sidha. Ylang-ylang oil has been accepted as an allergen. Bark antibacterial, amebicidal, antifungal and cytotoxic; bark applied against scurf; bark infusion for stomach problems. Dried flowers against malaria, fresh flowers paste for treating asthma. Leaves poultice rubbed on the skin against itch. Seed used externally to cure intermittent fever.)
in English: cananga, fragrant cananga, ilang-ilang, macassar oil plant, perfume tree, ylang-ylang, ylang-ylang tree
in Tonga: mohokoi
in Bali: bungan sandat
in Burma (Myanmar): kadapgnam, kadatngan, sagasein
in Cambodia: chhkè srèng
in China: yi lan
in India: apoorva champaka, apoorvachampakamu, apurbachampa, apurvacampaka, apurvacampakamu, cirucanpakam, ceti campanki, canpakam, catimanoca, cumana, cuvetaka, cuvetika, iracaputtiri, irattimanikkakkoti, irattimanikkam, irunti, kamalada mara, kamanda mara, kananga hoo, karumukai, katthe sampige, malani, malati, malatimaram, maramanorancitam, nettiramali, nettiramalimaram, nettiranirumali, pamini, pavalavaruti, picci, piriyavata, pitti
in Indonesia: bunga selanga, kananga, kenanga, sepalen
in Laos: ka dan nga thay
in Malaysia: chenanga, hutan, kananga, kenanga, kenanga utan, neriah, nérian, nyai
in Philippines: alangilang, ilang-ilang, ylang-ylang
in Thailand: fereng, kradang-nga-thai, kradang-ngaa-thai, kradangnga-songkhla, kradangnga-thai, sabannga-ton
in Vietnam: ho[af]ng lan, ng[oj]c lan t[aa]y, ylang ylang
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson var. fruticosum (Craib) Sinclair ( Canangium fruticosum Craib; Cananga odorata var. fruticosa J. Sinclair; Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King var. fruticosum (Craib) Corner)
SE Asia, Thailand. Dwarf variety, bush, curly petals
(Antibacterial, antifungal.)
in English: shrubby cananga
in Thailand: kradang nga songkhla
Canarina L. Campanulaceae
From the Canary Islands, see Mantissa Plantarum Altera 2: 148, 225, 588. 1771 and Ind. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 1753-74 (Regn. Veg.li.) 36. 1967.
Tropical Africa. Epiphytic or terrestrial, erect or scandent, climber, pendent, herbaceous, weak stem, thick root, latex when cut, funnel-shaped corolla pink yellow-orange with red-purple lines, stems and petioles eaten
(For psychosis, madness. Magic, ritual.)
in Rwanda: umuhurura
Canarium L. Burseraceae
SE Asia, China, Vietnam. Tree, white aromatic resinous sticky sap, yellowish-green flowers in axillary raceme, raw fruit edible, douc langurs ( Pygathrix nemaeus L.) eat the leaves and fruits
(Olive leaf extract powerful antiviral, detoxificant, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, shown to be effective in the treatment of many conditions where antibiotics have been found to be ineffective, against HIV and tuberculosis, sore throat, cough, malaria, fish or crab poisoning, to remove heat. Raw fruit to help indigestion and combat drunkenness. Antioxidant, tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark.)
in English: Chinese olive, Chinese white olive
in China: ch’ing kuo, gan lan, kan lan, kan lang
in Japan: kanran
in Vietnam: ca na, cay bui, tram trang
Canarium amboinense Hochr.
Papua New Guinea.
See Hochreutiner, Benedict Pierre Georges (1873-1959), Plantae bogorienses exsiccatae novae vel minus cocnitae [!] quae in horto botanico coluntur, auctore B.P.G. Hochreutiner … 55. [Buitenzorg] typis Instituti botanici bogoriensis. 1904.
(Against boils.)
Canarium bengalense Roxb.
India, China. Tree, fragrant amber coloured oleoresin, imparipinnate leaves, lanceolate leaflets, inflorescences axillary, dark purple spindle-shaped aromatic drupes, persistent calyx disk-shaped, infructescences extra-axillary or axillary, ripe fruits eaten fresh
(Leaves for bronchitis, leprosy, jaundice; juice of leaves with ginger juice administered in cough and respiratory diseases; smoke of the leaves inhaled as cigar in asthma; leaves infusion drunk for dysentery; leaves powder pesticide, insecticide, against fungal infection. Leaves and roots for chronic bronchitis; leaves juice or root decoction given for respiratory diseases; ashed leaves and wood mixed with honey used for coughs and asthma. Leaves and bark antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antibacterial, febrifuge, abortifacient, antiasthmatic, antiallergic, for setting broken bones, relieving pain, resolving phlegm, used externally for rheumatic swellings, inflammations. Latex in the treatment of wounds and gum infection. Antifungal. Bark resin, incense, used in worshipping.)
in English: East Indian copal, green myrobalan
in China: fang lan
in India: bero, berothing, bisjang, borsamphol, dhuna, hijungaraung, inghet-ki-ik-araung, keruta, mathek-araung, mekruk, narockpa, nerebi, tekreng, umchhiang
in Nepal: goguldhup, gokul
India, Panama. Tree, clear sticky sap, sepals and petals greenish creamy white
(Used in Sidha. For stomach problems and coughs.)
in English: Chinese olive, elemi gum, Java almond, Java almond tree, wild almond
in India: cimaivatumai, cinappicinmaram, jaava badaami, jangli baadaam, kaggali beeja, kaggali mara, karaiccenkari, sambrani, shambrani
Canarium euphyllum Kurz
India, Andaman. Large tree, white aromatic resin, leaf with a pair of awl-like stipules, nearly sessile hairy leaflets with toothed margins
See Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. (1872) II. 295. 1872
(Resin burnt as mosquito repellent. Resin used for burning in ceremonies.)
in English: Indian white mahogany
in India: dhup, moye
Tonga. Tree, dense canopy
See Seemann, Berthold (1825-1871), Flora Vitiensis: a description of the plants of the Viti or Fiji islands, with an account of their history, uses, and properties. 35. London: L. Reeve and co. 1865
(Resin for ulcers; fruit laxative.)
in English: canarium nut, galip nut, ngali nut, Santa Cruz ngali nut
in Tonga: ‘ai, ai, kaunicina, kaunigai, nangae, nangai
Indonesia, New Guinea, N. Hebrides. Tree, flowers in terminal panicles, large infructescences, fruit an ovoid purple to black drupe, kernels edible
(Resin for ulcers; fruit laxative, a preparation from the bark used for chestpain. Dried nuts eaten to induce sterility. Ritual incense.)
in English: canarium nut, galip nut, Java almond, nangai nuts, ngali nut, south-sea almond
in Indonesia: jal, kanari bagéa, kenari ambo
in Pacific: nangai, ngali
in Papua New Guinea: angal, galip, hinuei, kenari, lawele, uele
Java. Canopy tree, dioecious, black resin, stout twigs rusty red tomentose, kidney-shaped stipules, inflorescencs paniculate and axillary, yellow-reddish-purple unisexual flowers densely ferruginous hairy, blue-black drupe with thin leathery flesh
(For hemorrhoids.)
in Borneo: asam, bekatan, damar kahingai, jelemu, karamu barawou, kawangang, kurihang, mekos, rupai, sala, seladah
in Singapore: kedondong, kedondong bulan
Philippines. Tree, clustered flowers on large compound inflorescences
See Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1811-1871), Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. i. II. 651. Amsterdam. 1855[-59].
(Resin stimulant, rubefacient, antirheumatic, stomachic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, fungicidal and insecticidal, cough remedy, used externally for swellings of the legs, indolent ulcers, burns, sores, boils, abscesses, furuncles, arthritis and rheumatism.)
in English: elemi gum, elemi resin, Java almond, Manila elemi
in Philippine Isl.: alangi, alanki, antang, anteng, arbol a brea, bakan, bakoog, belis, brea blanca, bulau, malapili, pilauai, pilaui, pili, pisa, sahing, tugtugin
Tanzania, Madagascar. Tree, extremely variable, bark containing a turpentine-odoured white clear resin, white campanulate flowers
(Resin insecticide and disinfectant, for the treatment of urinary complaints, dental caries, rheumatism, wounds; after heating vapor inhaled against headache, immersion in its vapor is believed to protect against infections. Fresh bark for colic, hemorrhoids and jaundice; bark decoction in treating dysentery, hypertension, cough, chest pain. Leaves boiled with other herbs and the decoction used to treat coughs; stem exudate and leaves sedative, analgesic. The seeds roasted and pounded and the resulting powder mixed with skin oil or jelly to treat wounds.)
in Madagascar: aramy, ramy
in Tanzania: mbani, mpafu
Canarium manii King
India, Andaman.
(Hepatoprotective.)
Canarium oleosum (Lam.) Engl.
Papua New Guinea. Tree, colourless bark exudate, inflorescence axillary
See Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. 4: 241. 1896 and Flora Malesiana, Series 1, 278-279, fig. 20, 21, 41. 1956
(Stimulating hair oil. Against itchiness.)
in English: grey canarium
in Indonesia: kanari minyak, kayu rasamala, rani kalang bahi
Canarium ovatum Engl.
Philippines. Tree, erect and spreading, yellowish fragrant flowers borne on cymose inflorescences at the leaf axils of young shoots
See Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum) 57(2): 107-204. 2002
(Ointment for healing wounds. Seed kernel laxative, fresh nuts purgative.)
in English: Manila elemi, Philippine nut, pili nut
Mauritius. Tree, endangered
See Pharmaceutical Biology 35(4): 237-254. 1997, Pure Appl. Chem. 77(1): 41-51. 2005
(A leaf poultice and the resin applied for rheumatism, leaf poultice also applied on ulcerations. Extracts of the stem, wood and bark have shown antibacterial and antifungal activities.)
in Mauritius: bois colophane, élemi de Maurice
Indonesia, Malaya, Sumatra, Brunei. Tree, dioecious, inner bark creamy, few-flowered inflorescences, flowers tomentose, oblong drupe with a 3-sided stone, sweet seeds edible
See Flora of British India. By J.D. Hooker assisted by Various botanists. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in council. [Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Sir (1817- 1911)] i. 533. London, L. Reeve. 1872-1897
(Resin used for wounds. Leaves and bark for yaws.)
in Indonesia: damar kunang, damar lilin, medang serababa
in Malaysia: kedondong, kedondong kerut, kejam penggeli, keramoh batu
Southern China, Vietnam. Tree, resiniferous, evergreen, small flowers in axillary panicles, long-stalked fruits, edible fruit a purple-black drupe
(Leaf nutrient and sedative, used to treat herpes, lacquer poisoning. Fruit astringent, sedative, antiinflammatory, increases salivation, appetite stimulant, antidote for eating poisonous fish, used for sore throat, toothache, diarrhea. Powdered seed to treat earache, inflammation and to dissolve lodged fishbones.)
in English: black canarium, black canary tree fruit, black Chinese canarium, canarium kernel, Chinese black olive, Chinese olive, kenari-nut tree, preserved black canarium
in China: lan ch’ih, lan chi, lan jen, kan-lan, lan ren, wu lan
in Vietnam: bùi, càna, trám-den
Canarium samoense Engler
Samoa. Tree
See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 134. 1883
(For rash, sores, skin ailments.)
in Samoa: a’a matie, ma’ali, maali
Tropical Africa, Nigeria, Senegal. Large tree, spreading, rounded umbrella crown, bark exudes a viscid sulfur-yellow oleoresin with an unpleasant taste or sweetly scented, young branchlets hairy red-brown when cut the fragrant resin smells of incense, creamy white flowers in axillary panicles, soft bluish black glabrous smooth fruits, 3-ridged stone, ripe flesh fruit and kernel eaten
(Antimicrobial, used to treat bacterial infections, diarrhea and heal wounds. Fresh bark used for colic, hemorrhoids and jaundice, the exudate for venereal diseases; bark decoction in treating dysentery, hypertension, cough, chest pain. Fruits and stem bark for coughs. Fruit pulp analgesic. Leaves stimulant, to treat fever, scurvy, malaria, constipation, diarrhea, postpartum pain, rheumatism, venereal diseases; boiled with other herbs and the decoction used to treat coughs. Seeds roasted and pounded and the resulting powder mixed with skin oil or jelly to treat wounds. Magic, ritual, crystallized resin used as incense with religious significance.)
in English: African canarium, African elemi, bush candle tree, bush pear, canarium, incense tree, incense tree of the khiokhio bird, obega mahagony, úbé of the bush, white mahogany
in Cameroon: abe, abel, abell, bele, bòsao b’eyidi, eban, gberi, hehe, mbili, oleni, otu, sao eyidi, sene, toumba, wotua
in Congo: banga, bili, bolele, bubele, ki mbidi, mabélé, mbidi, mbidi nkala, mbili, mbiri, mobele, mombele, mubiri, mupatu, musuku, obe, obélé, obole
in Gabon: abe, abel, abeul, aboel, eban, mbili, moubili, muwafu, mwafu, nyege, nyegye, obe, obega, ovili, owele, ombili
in Ghana: ahie, amoukyi, bedi-wo-nua, bedi-womua, bediwu-nua, bediwonua, bediwuna, bediwunua, bedunua, bewewo-nua, kandangunuu, kantankrui, kurutwe
in Guinea: dollo, ghiémana, modjetchalè, oclanca, sava
in Ivory Coast: ahié, ahiélé, aiele, aiélé, aiéré, dirutu, elemi de Moahum, gueritu, kerendja-égué, khiala, labé, moi moua, mosu, muneu, muamohia, muemia, muénohia, nosu, okoume, okumé, senie, senyan, uréguinahi, yatu
in Liberia: beeng, beri, bi, bien-g, bo-tu, goe quehn, goekwehn, mbele, po-tu
in Nigeria: abigwa, agbabubu origbo, ako, àkó, anikantuhu, atile, atilia, atílis, boshu basang, boshu-basung, ébèn étìrìdon, eben etridon, èkpákpoghò, èshiá, ibagbo, ibwaba, ipapo, itali, kofare, njasin, njassong, njasun, njasung, oda, ofingot, oju-ngon, onumu, origbo, órigbó, órúnmùnkhìokhìo, otua, papo, papol, pwat, siselung, tamfre, ùbé agba, ùbé mkpuru aki, ùbé-óhèá, ùbé okpókó, ùbé-osà, ùbé wemba, ùbwé aba, uda, ute-siselung
in Sierra Leone: a-menẻp, a-nenẻp, dolle, dolo, mbele, mbili, sawa
in Tanzania: mbafu, mbani, mpafu, mubafu, sigonfi
in Tropical Africa: abé, abe, abel, abell, abo, aielé, bedunua, hehe, oyife
in Uganda: musanke
in Upper Volta: cien, paja
India, China, Himalaya. Trees, evergreen, buttressed, resin dark brown to black oozing from cut end of trunk, small unisexual yellowish-white flowers, inflorescence axillary panicles rusty tomentose, staminate flowers in subterminal panicles, pistillate flowers in racemes, drupes blue-black at maturity, fruits eaten
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Fruit of Canarium resiniferum taken for urinary complaints. Bark decoction as a bath for skin eruptions; an infusion taken for colic. Gum used with gingelly oil ( Sesamum indicum) in rheumatic pains; decoction or powder of resin given internally as a remedy in cough, asthma, fever, hemorrhage, epilepsy, rheumatism, syphilis, poisons, skin diseases. Crushed leaves as fish poison. Resin burnt for expelling mosquitoes from house and also for healing wounds. Ceremonial, ritual, magico-religious and supernatural beliefs, conserved in sacred groves, the dried resin used to fumigate at religious adorations; resin from the stem is burnt at home to get good health and wealth, also paddy fields are fumigated.)
in English: black dammar, black dammar tree, Yunnan canarium
in China: dian lan, t’ien lan, tian lan, yang duan, yang jui, yang rui, yang tuan
in India: attam, berawthing, beroh, bot-sasat, brev, canari-telli mara, damar, dhoop, dhuna, dhup, dong-khreng, doopa, gugul, haale maddu, haalu maddi, halemaddu, halmaddi, haralu maddi, harlmuddy, inkulicamaram, itarcam, jaali banke, kaaladaamar, kakanemi, kakanemimaram, kala-damar, kala-dammar, kala dammar, kaladammar, karedupa, karee dhoopa, kari dhoopa, kariyapolam, karridhupa, karungkungiliyam, karangkunthrikam, karungundurukkam, karunkiliyam, karunkungiliam, karunkungiliyam, karunkunkiliyam, karunkuntirikkam, karuppu-damar, karuppu kungiliam, karuppudamar, karuppuk kunkiliyam, karuppukkungiliyam, karuppukkunkiliyam, karupputamar, karupudamar, karuthakungiliam, karuttukungiliam, karuttukunkiliyam, kukkil kungulam, kundrikam, kundurukkam, kungiliam, kungiliyam, kunguli, kunthirikkapayin, kunturukkam, kunturukkan, kunturukkapayam, kunturukkappayan, manda dhoopa, manda-dhup, mandadhoop, mandadhup, mandadhupa, mandadupa, mekruk, munddoopa, nalla-rojan, nalla rojanamu, nallarojanamu, nallarojen, panda, pandu, pantam, pantappayan, pantham, raala dhoopa, raladhupa, raladupa, raldhoop, raldhup, raldhupada, sanglam, silum pakia, solum, tanpukai, tanpukaimaram, telli, thally, thelli, thellippayin, thelly, tubam, tupam, viraga, viraka, virapu
Vietnam. Tree, small greenish flowers in large panicles, fruit an ovoid to spindle-shaped blackish drupe, pericarp rather thick, pulp and seeds from the fruits edible, pickled fruit, douc langurs ( Pygathrix nemaeus L.) eat the leaves and fruits
(Olive leaf extract antiviral, cytotoxic, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, against HIV and tuberculosis, sore throat, cough, malaria, fish or crab poisoning. Raw fruit to help indigestion and combat drunkenness. Antioxidant, tannins extracted from leaves, twigs and stem bark.)
in English: Chinese olive, Vietnam canarium
in China: ch’ing kuo, gan lan, kan lan, kan lang, yue lan, yueh lan
in Indochina: ca na
in Japan: kanran
in Thailand: samo cheen
in Vietnam: cay bui, trám tráng
Canarium villosum Benth. & Hook.f. ex Náves
Philippines.
See Flora de Filipinas, ed. 3 [F.M. Blanco] Nov. App. 40. 1877-1883
(Resin stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary.)
in Philippines: pagsahingin
Canarium vitiense A. Gray
Samoa. Tree
See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 134. 1883
(For rash, sores, skin ailments.)
in Samoa: a’a matie, ma’ali, maali
Tropical Asia.
(Demulcent, irritant, antiviral, rubefacient, stimulant, vulnerary, cytotoxic, antioxidant, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory, expectorant, immunostimulant.)
in English: Chinese olive, Java almond, kenari nut, kenari nut tree, pili nut
Canotia Torr. Celastraceae
See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 4(5): 68. 1857 and Kew Bulletin 18: 255. 1964.
Canotia holacantha Torr.
North America. Perennial tree or shrub, berries eaten raw
See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 4(5): 68. 1857 and Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 87: 251-258. 2001
(Stimulant, stomachic.)
in English: canotia, crucifixion thorn
Cantua Juss. ex Lam. Polemoniaceae
Peru. Shrub, red pink yellow tubular flowers, calyx connate, seeds with marginal wing
(Flowers infusion astringent, against diarrhea, cough, rheumatism, liver and eyes complaints. Veterinary medicine, branches and flowers infusion for diarrhea. Magic, a symbol of unity, to bring good luck, ceremonial, offerings, superstitious practices.)
in English: magic flower, magic-flower-of-the-Incas, magic tree, Peruvian magic tree, sacred-flower-of-the-Incas
in Peru: cantu, cantuta, ccantu, ccantus, ccantut, ccantutay, ccelmo, flor del Inca, jantu, jinllo, kantu, kantuta, khantuta, la flor sagrada de los Incas, qantu, qantuta
South America.
(Infusion used as a laxative.)
Cantua quercifolia Juss.
Ecuador, Peru. Shrub or small trees, suffrutex, white flowers
See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 3: 118. 1804
(Analgesic, tonic, a remedy for malaria, sore knees.)
in Peru: dormidero, pepiso
Capirona Spruce Rubiaceae
A vernacular name, see Fl. Ecuador 50: 1-112. 1994.
Tropical America. Fruit edible
(Leishmanicidal. For skin diseases, psoriasis, fungal infections, diabetes and wounds.)
in Bolivia: batahua, guayabochi
in Peru: capirona, capirona de altura, capirona negra, capirona negra de altura, kshi muna, madera de hierro, metaguais, meta-guayo, pau-mulato
Capparicordis H.H. Iltis & X. Cornejo Capparaceae
Peru, Ecuador west of the Andes. Xerophytic shrubs or small trees, stellate pubescence
(Used to cure rheumatism, hot water extract given as oral application to human adult for neuritis.)
Argentina to Bolivia and Paraguay east of the Andes. Xerophytic shrubs or small trees, stellate pubescence, corolla yellow-green or yellow, unripe fruit boiled in water administered orally to human adult as a food
(Leaf decoction taken for cough, also with mate tea for sore eyes. Fresh chewed leaves applied externally to furuncles.)
Capparidastrum Hutch. Capparidaceae (Capparaceae)
Neotropics.
(Irritant.)
South America. Shrub or undershrub
(Arrow poison.)
Caragana Fabr. Fabaceae (Galegeae)
India, Himalaya. Perennial non-climbing herb
(Roots used for burns, boils, skin diseases.)
Caragana brevispina Benth.
Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub, multi-stemmed, flowers yellow turning coral with age, leaves or flower buds cooked as vegetable
(Plant decoction taken for joint ache. Ceremonial, the flowers.)
in India: shuroo
in Nepal: jomosing, sabalo
India, Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub
(Root paste applied to treat cuts, wounds and dislocation of bone.)
in China: ni bo er jin ji er
in Nepal: pakchar
Caraipa Aublet Calophyllaceae (Clusiaceae, Guttiferae)
Brazil, Colombia.
(Sap applied as antifungal, for skin diseases.)
in Colombia: kar-pat’, ma-wan-he-te
Brazilian Amazon.
(Antibacterial and cytotoxic, crushed leaves applied on skin diseases, herpes, mange, rashes, itching.)
Caraipa parvielliptica Cuatrec.
Colombia.
See Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 8: 64. 1950
(Crushed leaves applied on skin diseases, sores of the mucous membrane of the mouth, rashes, itching.)
Cardiopteris Wallich ex Royle Cardiopteridaceae (Olacaceae, Icacinaceae)
SE Asia, Malesia. Herb, vine, climbing, twining, white milky latex, leaves spirally arranged, flowers in panicles, forest edges, in secondary vegetation
See Adansonia 10: 280-281. 1872, Fl. Brit. India 1: 597. 1875
(Stem sap used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems; a stem decoction for hepatitis. Leaves for headache.)
in Papua New Guinea: duman, qacac, zafengang
Cardwellia F. Muell. Proteaceae
Cardwellia sublimis F. Muell.
Australia, northeast Queensland. Canopy tree, aluminum accumulator
(Cyanogenic, irritant, dermatitis.)
in English: bull-oak, bull silky oak, golden spangle-wood, golden spanglewood, lacewood, northern bull-oak, northern silky oak, oongaary, silky oak
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